TERTIARY VERTIGININAE. 215 



Undoubted species of Vertigo, having teeth like V. moulin- 

 siana or alpestris, and of quite modern aspect, appeared in 

 the Lower Oligocene (amber of the Baltic coast) ; and in the 

 Middle and Upper Oligocene and Miocene of central Europe 

 the species became somewhat numerous. Most of these forms 

 differ only in specific characters from living species, and the 

 ancestors of the latter are probably among them. In Italy 

 and southern France, Pliocene species occur, some closest to 

 Miocene, others to recent forms. There has thus been a suc- 

 cession of similar species in Europe from Oligocene to recent 

 times. 



The subgenus VertUla appeared in one or two species in 

 the German Lower Miocene. 



Ptychalaea, in the recent fauna known only from the Bonin 

 Islands, is known by several European species from the Lower 

 Miocene to Pliocene. 



Glandicula occurs in the Upper Oligocene and Lower 

 Miocene, Germany and France, then becoming extinct, so far 

 as known. Pseudelix and Enneopupa are other genera of the 

 German Upper Oligocene which left no descendants. 



In America Vertigo is possibly represented by two Middle 

 Eocene species, which from their shape and size appear refer- 

 able to this genus rather than to Pupilla ; yet as the apertural 

 characters are unknown, and they are from a far lower horizon 

 than any indubitable Vertigo, little stress is to be placed upon 

 the generic reference. The general appearance is that of the 

 two French Eocene species following. Perhaps we have to 

 do with an unrecognized Eocene genus, and for this reason the 

 species are here listed as Pupae, as originally described. 



List of Tertiary species of Vertigo. 



PUPA ARENULA White. 12th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. and 

 Geogr. Surv. Terr, for 1878, pt. 1, p. 46, pi. 19, f. 8a, &. Upper 

 Green River Group [= Bridger] Valley of Henry's Fork 

 southward from Green River City, Wyoming. 



PUPA ATAVUNCULA White. Loc. cit., pi. 19, f. 9a. Same 

 locality and horizon. 



