PUPILLA, EUROPE. 173 



tions complexly interrelated and of little significance from 

 the standpoint of systematics alone. The varietal subdivi- 

 sions of European Pupillidae are a creation of ignorance, 

 stupidity, industry and insight, which an outsider can record 

 but cannot systematize. 



P. poltavica, no. 21, a Russian Pleistocene species, is placed 

 among the Asiatic forms in order to get it among its rela- 

 tives in the section Primipupttla. 



Two undescribed species of Pupa have been referred to 

 PupUla. 



P. kuschakeuntzi v. Martens. Tkeso Narynkol, an unde- 

 scribed Russian species, has been mentioned by Boettger as 

 related to the Miocene P. rahti. Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Nat., 

 42, 1889, p. 254. 



[Pupa- (PupUla) ] poupiUieri Bourg. Algier. Paetel, Cata- 

 log der Conch.-Sammlung von Fr. Paetel, 1873, p. 108. 



P. gemsii Gredl. (vol. xxv, p. 204) is referred to PupUla 

 by Kobelt on account of the presence of inferior tentacles 

 (Iconographie, 2 ser., viii, p. 82). 



Series of P. muscorum (PupUla proper). 



The aperture has to 3 (rarely 4) teeth, no angular 

 lamella. Embryonic whorls minutely, weakly granose, or 

 with a net-work of slightly impressed lines separating flat, 

 irregularly rounded grains, mosaic-like. 



7. PUPILLA MUSCORUM (L.). PI. 20, figs. 1 to 7. 



The shell is shortly rimate, cylindric, auburn or some 

 similar brown shade, white or light behind the lip, moderately 

 solid. Summit rounded, obtuse. First 1% whorls nearly 

 smooth, the rest with fine, blunt, uneven striation, moderately 

 convex ; last half of the last whorl tapering downward, com- 

 pressed, rising to the aperture, having a strong whitish crest 

 near and parallel to the outer and basal lip. The aperture is 

 somewhat oblique, truncate-rounded, typically without teeth 

 (but in various varieties or mutations provided with one to 

 three teeth) . Peristome narrowly reflected outwardly, broadly 

 on the columellar side, having a strong pale callus within. 



