PUPILLA, EUROPE. 187 



cat a, it differs by the stronger striation ; in stature it stands 

 between them (Kobelt). 



D. Geyer, who has collected the species in many places in 

 Wiirttemberg and Bavaria, notes that it is a limestone and 

 warmth-loving species and prefers Jura cliffs upon which the 

 rays of the midday and afternoon sun fall unhindered. It 

 does not crawl on the rocks but is restricted to the mould in 

 ledges of disintegrating cliffs and the rhizomes of the cliff 

 verdure, preferably grasses. If one would collect them he 

 must pull up the plants and sieve the fine black earth. 



Figures of the synonymous Pupa sterrii (pi. 23, fig. 5) and 

 P. aridula (pi. 23, fig. 10) are reproduced from Kuester. 



Var. carpathica Kim. The Transsylvanian form differs 

 from that of western Europe in having the aperture con- 

 stantly toothless, or at most and rarely the denticle on the 

 parietal wall is scarcely indicated. Also the apertural callus 

 is never more than moderately developed. Tordaer Felsspalte 

 and other places (Pupilla cupa var. carpathica Kimakowicz, 

 Verh. u. Mittheil. Siebenburg. Ver. nat. in Hermannstadt, xl, 

 1890, p. 108). 



Var. emigrata West. Shell thin, brown, without vestige of 

 a cervical callus; aperture semirotund, entirely toothless; 

 peristome thin, simple, straight. Length 3, diam. 1% mm. 

 Mt. Pindus, Greece (Pupilla cupa var. emigrata Westerlund, 

 Synops. Moll. Extramar. Reg. Palaearc., i, 1897, p. 107). 



Var. turkestanica West. Shell of the size of P. muscorum, 

 widely perforate, cylindric, corneous, obsoletely striatulate. 

 Whorls Gi/o, regular, the last longer, double the alt. of the 

 penult, ascending for a long distance, at the aperture with a 

 w 7 hite swelling in place of the callus, flattened towards the 

 base, posteriorly straightly sloping; aperture lipped, with a 

 high, deeply placed parietal lamella, a small conic tooth on 

 the columella, and one palatal fold, elongate, short or tuber- 

 culiform; margins distant, the outer strongly, subrectangu- 

 larly arcuate above. Length 3, diam. 1% to 2 mm. Turke- 

 stan. There is a variety entirely toothless or with a parietal 

 denticle (Pupilla cupa var. turkestanica Westerlund, Synops., 

 1897, p. 108). 



