44- 



PHANEROGAMS. 



they occur in alternating whorls, the staminal and carpellary leaves are arranged in 

 the same way. In Jujiiperus communis even the ovules, here the representatives of 

 whole leaves, are arranged in alternating whorls. But, occasionally, as in Taxus, 

 greater differences are to be observed in the phyllotaxis of the flowering shoot as 

 compared with that of the foliage-shoots. 



The Male Flowers always consist of a distinctly elongated axis provided with 

 staminal leaves, and ending above in a naked apex (Fig. 319 ^). The stamens are 

 mostly more delicate and of a different colour from the foliage-leaves, and are usually 

 divided into a slender pedicel and a peltate lamina bearing the pollen-sacs on its 

 under side, as in Taxus, the Cupressineae, and Abietinese (Fig. 318^, 319^,^, 

 320 A). The flat expansion at the end of the pedicel may, however, be entirely 

 absent, as in Salisburia (Fig. 317 C), where it is reduced to a small knob on which 

 the pollen-sacs hang. That the parts which bear the pollen-sacs in Coniferae are 

 beyond doubt metamorphosed leaves, is evident not only from their form, but still 

 more from their arrangement, which has already been spoken of. If the staminal 



Fig. -^fio.— Abies pectinata ; A a male flower, b the delicate bud-scales forming a perianth, a the stamens ; B a pollen-g-rain 

 (after Schacht), e its extine, forming the two large vesicular protrusions bl. 



leaves of the Cycade;^ show a resemblance in more than habit to the sporangiferous 

 leaves of Ferns, those of Coniferse may perhaps be compared to the parts that 

 bear the sporangia of Equisetacese ; and not unfrequently, as in Taxus, Juniperus, 

 &c., the resemblance of the male flowers to the inflorescence of Equisetum is as 

 striking in external appearance as in the actual agreement between them from a 

 morphological point of view. The pollen-sacs, of the structure and development 

 of which but little is at present known, usually hang, with a narrow base, on the 

 under side of their support, and do not cohere in their growth ; their number is 

 usually much smaller than in Cycadeae, but much more variable than in Angio- 

 sperms ; in the yew the peltate part of the staminal leaf bears from three to eight, 

 in the juniper and most Cupressineae three roundish pollen-sacs (Figs. 318, 319). 

 Those of Pinus, Abies, and their allies lie in pairs parallel or placed obliquely to 

 one another, right and left of the pedicel, which here resembles the connective of 

 Angiosperms; in Araucaria and Dammara, on the other hand, the long sausage- 

 shaped pollen-sacs hang in larger numbers free beneath the peltate limb. The 



