O PHANEROGAMS. 



are alternate with the three carpels on the floral axis) ; embryo with two, rarely three 

 or nine cotyledons. 



(a) Jimiperinea. Fruit berry-like (Juniperus, Sabina). 



(b) Act'mostrobecB. Carpels united into valves; afterwards separating as a four- or 



six-rayed star (Widdringtonia, Frenela, Actinostrobus, Gallitris, Libocedrus). 



(c) ThujcpjidecB. Carpels partially overlapping one another (Biota, Thuja, Thujopsis). 



(d) Cupress'mece -vertB. Carpels peltate and polygonal in front (Gupressus, Cha- 



maecyparis). 



(e) Taxodineoe. Carpels peltate or overlapping ; leaves alternate (Taxodium, Gly- 



ptostrobus, Cryptomeria). 



Second Family. AbietinesB. Leaves usually acicular and arranged spirally, singly, 

 or in twos, threes, or rosettes on special short shoots; flowers monoecious, rarely 

 dioecious; stamens numerous, with two or more long pollen-sacs; female flower con- 

 sisting of a number of scale-like placentae arranged spirally, which are either themselves 

 carpels or are the result of the coalescence and lignifying of small carpels ; micropyle of 

 the ovule turned towards the base of the placenta ; embryo with from two to fifteen 

 cotyledons. 



(a) Pineae, Seeds in pairs on a scale-like placenta which springs from a small open 



carpellary leaf (Pinus, Abies, Tsuga, Larix, Cedrus). 



(b) Araucariece. Seed single on the carpel, and enveloped by it (Araucaria). 



(c) Ctmmnghamiece. Seeds single or numerous on a carpel (Dammara, Cunning- 



hamia, Athrotaxis, Sequoia, Sciadopitys). 



Third Family. Podocarpese. Leaves acicular or broader, and arranged spirally ; 

 flowers monoecious or dioecious; stamens short, wMth two roundish pollen-sacs; female 

 flow^er consisting of an axis swollen above with small scale-leaves, from the axils of 

 which (?) the ovules spring ; embryo dicotyledonous. 



Podocarpus (Dacrydium, Microcachrys). 



Fourth Family. TaxinesB. Leaves arranged spirally, acicular or often of con- 

 siderable breadth ; in Phyllocladus there are no foliage-leaves, these being replaced by 

 leaf-like branches ; flowers always dioecious ; stamens of various forms, bearing two, 

 three, four, or eight pendent pollen-sacs ; female flowers always consisting of a naked 

 axis or of one furnished with small leaves, bearing the erect ovules terminally or 

 laterally ; ripe seed enclosed in a fleshy aril or with the outer layer of the testa fleshy ; 

 embryo dicotyledonous, 



Phyllocladus, Salisburia, Cephalotaxus, Torreya, Tax us. 



C. GNETACE/E. 



This order includes three genera which differ strikingly in habit. The Ephedra 

 are shrubs with no foliage-leaves and with long, slender, cylindrical green-barked 

 branches; at the joints of the stem are two opposite minute leaves which grow 

 together into a bidentate sheath, and from their axils the lateral branches spring. 

 In Gnetum the leaves are also opposite on the jointed axes, but large and 

 stalked, with a broad lanceolate lamina and feather-veined venation. Thirdly, 

 Wehvitschia mirahilis, so remarkable a plant in many other ways, possesses only two 



