8 PHANEROGAMS. 



A. Dry Fruits. Pericarp woody or tough and leathery, the cell-sap having 

 disappeared from its cells. 



a. Dry Indehiscent Fruits. The pericarp does not split open, but encloses the 

 seed till germination ; the testa is thin and membranous, and but little 

 developed. 



(a) One-seeded dry indehiscent fruits. 



1 . The Nut or Glans : the dry pericarp is thick and hard, and consists of 



lignified scelerenchymatous tissue; e.g. the hazel-nut. 



2. The Caryopsis or Achenium : the dry pericarp is thin, tough, and 



leathery, in close contact with the seed, and separable or not from 

 the testa ; as the fruit of Gompositae, Grasses, the sweet-chestnut. 



(/3) Bi- or multilocular dry indehiscent fiaiits. 



3. These are mostly Schi%ocarps splitting up into Mericarps, each of 



which resembles a nut or achenium ; e. g. Umbelliferae, Geraniaceae. 

 When the mericarp is winged, as in Acer, it is called a Samara. 



h. Dry Dehiscent Fruits or Capsules in the more general sense. When the 

 fi uit is perfectly ripe, the pericarp bursts or splits to allow the escape of the 

 seeds, which are themselves clothed with a strongly developed usually hard or 

 tough testa. They generally contain more than one seed, 



(a) Capsules with longitudinal dehiscence : — 



4 . The Follicle consists of a single carpel which splits along the ventral 



suture or coherent margins of the carpels which bear the seeds ; as 

 in Pseonia, Aquilegia, and lUicium anisatum : in Asclepias the thick 

 placenta also becomes detached. 



5. The Legume consists also of a single carpel, which however splits not 



only along the ventral but also along the dorsal suture, and thus 

 separates into two halves ; Leguminosse. 



6. The Siliqua consists of two carpels which form a bilocular fruit with a 



longitudinal dissepiment ; the two halves of the pericarp separate 

 from the dissepiment which remains behind ; Cruciferse. 



7. The Capsule (in the narrower sense of the term) results from a uni- 



locular polycarpellary or a multilocular ovary, and splits longitu- 

 dinally into two or more lobes and valves, which separate from one 

 another only partially from the apex downwards (as in Cerastium), 

 or entirely ^o the base. If the fissures cause the dissepiment itself 

 to split, the dehiscence is septicidal (as in Colchicum) ; if, on the 

 contrary, the fissure is in the middle between each pair of dissepi- 

 ments, the dehiscence is loculiddal {?ls in Tulipa and Hibiscus); if 

 again a part or the whole of each dissepiment remains attached to a 

 central column (which in the latter case is winged), from which the 

 valves becomes detached, the dehiscence is septifragal (as in Rhodo- 

 dendron). If the capsule results from a unilocular polycarpellary 

 ovary, the separation of the valves may take place either at the 

 sutures corresponding to the septicidal dehiscence (as in Gentiana), 

 or in the middle between them, corresponding to the loculicidal 

 dehiscence (as in Viola). 



(/3) Capsules with transverse dehiscence : — 



8. The Pyxidium opens by the separation of an upper part of the pericarp 



which falls off like a lid, while the lower part remains attached 



