ANGIOSPERMS. 



to the flower-stalk in the form of an urn {e.g. Plantago, Hyoscv- 

 amus, Anagallis). 05; y 



(y) Capsules opening by pores: — 



9. I'he term Pore-capsule might be given to those in which openings of 

 small size result from small valves becoming detached at certain 

 pomts ot the pericarp; the small seeds being shaken out by the 

 wind through these openings {e.g. Papaver, Antirrhinum). 



B SUCCULENT Fruits. The tissue of the pericarp or certain layers of it remain 

 succulent until the fruit is ripe, or assume a fleshy pulpy texture. 



c. SuccLdent Indehiscent Fruits. The succulent pericarp does not burst and 

 the seeds therefore do not escape. ' 



10. The Drupe or Stone-fruit. A mesocarp of fleshy texture and usually 



considerable thickness lies within a thin epicarp; the endocarp 

 torms a thick hard layer (the stone, called also the putawen) which 

 usually encloses only one seed with a membranous testa (the plum 

 cherry, peach, &c.). ' 



11. The Berrj. The rest of the tissue of the pericarp is developed in the 



lorm ot a succulent pulp within a more or less tough or hard 

 epicarp, the seeds being imbedded in the pulp and surrounded by a 

 firm or even hard testa. The berry is distinguished in general from 

 the drupe by the absence of a hard endocarp, and usually contains 

 more than one seed (as the currant, gourd, pomegranate, potato- 

 berry), but sometimes only one (as the date). Closely resembling 

 the berry is the fruit of the various species of Citrus, sometimes 

 called Hesperidium, the pericarp of which consists of a leathery 

 outer layer and a pithy inner layer; at a very early period multi- 

 cellular protuberances are developed from the innermost layer of 

 tissue of the wall of the multilocular ovary, which gradually fill up 

 the cavity of the loculi of the fruit with isolated but closely 

 crowded succulent lobes of tissue, and form in this case the pulp. 

 d. Succulent Dehiscent Fruits. The succulent but not fleshy pericarp splits and 

 allows the escape of the seeds which have usually a strongly developed testa. 



12. The term Succulent Capsule might be given to those fruits the 



succulent pericarp of which opens by dividing into lobes, and allows 

 the seeds to escape (as in the horse-chestnut and balsam). 



13. The fruit of the walnut corresponds again to the drupe; the outer 



succulent layer bursts, a stony endocarp surrounding the thin- 

 skinned seed. It might be called a Dehiscent Drupe. 



14. The fruit of Nuphar bears more resemblance to a berry, but differs in 



the bursting of the outer firm layer of the pericarp; it may be 

 termed a Dehiscent Berry; in iV. ad'vena this exposes an inner 

 coating of each loculus of the fruit, which floats for some time on 

 the water like a bag filled with seeds. 



The enumeration here given includes only the more common forms of fruits; there 

 are a number of others which cannot be placed exactly in any of the above. categories, 

 but to which no special name has been given \ 



' [For other recent attempts to classify fruits, see Dickson, Brit. Assoc. Rep. 1871, also Nature, 

 vol. IV. p. 347, and Journ. of Bot. 1871, p. 310; McNab, Nature, vol. IV, p- 475 ; and Masters, 

 Nature, vol. V, p. 6. — Eu] 



