i66 



PHANEROGAMS. 



orders and elsewhere there are very commonly only two carpels ; and in this case 

 they stand in a median line posterior and anterior ; but on the hypothesis that the 

 typical gynDeceum consists of five alternating carpels and has been reduced to two by 

 abortion, one must stand in the median position in front, the other obliquely behind. 

 A similar difficulty is also presented when the gynseceum consists of three or of 



G. 409.— Diagram of Caprifoliace2e ; A Ley- 

 cesteria, a Lonicera, b Syinphoricarpus. 



I'IG. 410. — Diagram of Par- 

 nassia (Saxifragacea). 



FIG. 411. — Diagram of Campanulacece ; 

 A Campanula, a Lobelia. 



Fig. 412. — Diagram of Valerianacece 

 B Centranthus. 



FIG. 413.— Diagram of Ci 

 curbitacciie. 



Fig. 414.— Diagram of Com- 

 positae. 



Fig. 415.— Diagram of some Rubiacete. 



Fig. 416. — Diagram of Plantagine.x. 



Fig. 417.— Diagram of Oleaccse. 



Fig. 418.— Diagram of Menispermaceae. 



Fig. 419.— Diagram of Ciimamomum (LauraceK). 



only one carpel. , It would carry us too far to detail the reasons which nevertheless 

 determine me to retain the formula above given for the gynseceum of flowers of this 

 description ; it need only be mentioned that species or genera with the typical five 

 carpels occur in the most diverse families and orders where a smaller number is the 

 normal one. 



The diagrams Figs. 409-419 represent a selection of cases which can be 



