ACTION OF LIGHT ON VEGETATION. 



685 



substances should be referred, and perhaps some may not be essential for the healthy 

 performance of vital functions, but merely necessary products; and some may be 

 essential to one plant and not to others. 



It has been found convenient to arrange the colouring-matters of plants in the 

 following groups, which are as it were of generic value, and include several different 

 species.- 



Chlorophyll group.— The green substance described as chlorophyll by many writers 

 must often have contained two perfectly distinct green substances, and the product of 

 the action of acids on one of them, mixed with one, and in some cases with three, 

 different species of xanthophyll, and one or two of lichnoxanthine. These two green 

 substances are b/ue chlorophyll and yellow chlorophyll^. Blue chlorophyll dissolved in 

 alcohol is of a splendid blue-green colour, the whole of the green part of the spectrum 

 and a considerable part of the contiguous blue being readily transmitted. Tello^o 

 chlorophyll absorbs the whole of the blue and the blue end of the green, so that the 

 general colour is a bright yellow-green. Chlorofucine is of a clear yellow-green colour. 

 It has many properties in common with the above-named two kinds of chlorophyll, 

 being, like both of them, highly fluorescent and easily decomposed into another modifi- 

 cation by acids. All three are insoluble in water and soluble in absolute alcohol, but not 

 always in carbon bisulphide. 



The difi"erence between their spectra will be better understood by means of the fol- 

 lowing figure, 447 b, which represents the absorption-bands as seen in solutions diluted 

 so as to show those at the blue end, and only the darkest and most characteristic of 

 those in the red. 



Red end. Blue end. 



Blue chlorophyll 



Yellow chlorophy 



Chlorofucine. 





Fig. 447 b. — Spectra of the chloropliyll group compared. 



Xanthophyll group. — This group includes a number of yellow or orange-coloured 

 substances, insoluble in water but soluble in carbon bisulphide, giving spectra with two 

 more or less well-marked absorption-bands in different positions, according to the 

 particular species. They are not fluorescent, and when dissolved in absolute alcohol, 

 after addition of a little hydrochloric acid, they all gradually become colourless, but two 

 of them are first changed into a blue substance. Nearly all green leaves contain three 

 perfectly distinct fundamental species, which Mr. Sorby has named orange-xanthophyll, 

 xanthophyll and yellow xanthophyll. The spectrum given in Fig. 447 (P- 679), copied from 

 Kraus, must have been due to a mixture of the latter two. Olive Algae contain another 

 fundamental species, fucoxanthine. In many Fungi, and in the petals of flowers, occur 

 other more orange-coloured species, of which that in Peziza aurantiaca is a good 

 example. Sorby adopted the name proposed by Kraus ^ for a still more red orange. 



1 [The spectrum given by Kraus (Fig. 447 B, p. 679), is due to a mixture of these with some of 

 the products of the action of acids. — Ed.] 

 ^ Chlorophyllfarbstoffe, p. 109. 



