RUMENANTIA PECTORAL LIMB, 10$ 



T)etter marked, and the inlerior foramina larger. The sacral coraua are large,? 

 and expanded for ligamentous attachment ; the spinal canal is oval, and the 

 <;onvex articular portion of the body large, the articular processes being widelyj 

 separated by a triangular opening leading into the canal. The transverse 

 processes are short, thick, and nou -articular anteriorly ; their external extremist 

 ties are bounded by a vertical border, the inferior angle of which is directed 

 -downwards, giving a deeper surface for articulation with the ilium. 



The coccyrjeal bones, from 15 to 20 in number, are strong and tuberous., 

 Articular processes exist in the anterior ones. 



THORAX. 



Very generally the ruminants have 13 pairs of rihs, of which 8 are criia 

 and 5 false. They are straight, broad, long, and more uniform than tho^.e 'of 

 ihe horse; the superior extremity is large and smooth, the necks of 'ihe 

 anterior ones short and thick, and the tubercles large ; the necks of the- 

 posterior ones are long and thin, and smaller than in the horse. The angles 

 are not well marked ; the distal extremities are expanded to articulate with' 

 their cartilages by means of true joints. 



The sternum is large and flattened, consisting of seven pieces, which, the» 

 anterior one excepted, unite by ossification ; and between the first segment oiV| 

 manubrium apd the second there is, in the larger ruminant, a true joint. The> 

 superior surface is concave, forming the floor of the chest, the inferior convex,^ 

 but slightly concave from side to side. The borders present between each two* 

 segments articular depressions for the costal cartilages. The cariniform:] 

 caitilaqe is small and conical, the ensi form large and circular. 



PECTORAL LIMB. 



The scapula is large and very triangular. The spine does not, as Tn the; 

 horse, terminate gradually in the neck, but by an abrupt angle, prolonged to, 

 ■a point, the acromion process. The neck is more distinct, and the coracoid! 

 process and glenoid cavity are both small, and placed close together. In the 

 humerus (Fig. 25. u), the bicipital groove is single ; the external trochanter, 

 is very large, with its summit curved over the bicipital groove. The head is 

 large, the tuberosities small, and the shaft less twisted, th-an in the horse. The 

 ■radius is short ; the ulna, longer and larger than in the horse, extends to tha ' 

 -distal end of the radius, and articulates with the cuneiform bone. Tiiere are 

 two radio-ulnar arches, connected by a deep fissure. It is important to note 

 here the fact that the development of the ulna, and to some extent its freedom,J 

 -are directly proportional to the number of digits possessed by the animal. 



The carpus consists of 6 bones, 4 above and 2 .helow. The upper are the 

 l^caphoid and lunar, which articulate with the radius ; the cuneiform, artlciJat-' 

 fing with the radius and ulna ; and the trapezium, which is small, tuberoas in 

 shape, and does not articulate with the radius. The lower are the os magnu'Ti 

 md unciform, which articulate with the large metacarpal bone, the trapezoid 

 rand pisiform bones being wanting ; the former, perhaps, is part of the os 

 ["tnagnum. 



The large metacarpal bone presents a vertical groove down irs ayi?:sr-:,r 

 iiddle, which marks the original division of the bone into two. The interior 

 kjxtremity is divided by a deep fissure into two articulations, each resembling 



