THE WOODS 167 



and material for the repair of his houses, although the wood 

 had been taken into the King's forest. 1 The manor of New- 

 ton (Wilts.) had a customary right to have in the wood of 

 Milchet eighty waggon-loads of timber for repairing its 

 houses and fences when necessary ; 2 and in Middlesex the 

 usual formula is " nemus ad sepes," wood sufficient for fencing ; 

 in Cambridgeshire the formula is often, " silva ad clausu- 

 rem." Another purpose for which the wood was used was as 

 a feeding-ground for the pigs of the villagers, which would 

 feed there in the autumn on the acorns and beech-mast. 

 Great numbers of pigs were so turned out: in the single 

 hundred of Barstable (Essex) there was wood for 3982 pigs. 

 In Shropshire the usual formula is, "wood for fattening X 

 pigs ; " but in other counties the statement is, " wood for X 

 pigs." For the privilege of so turning out their pigs, the 

 tenants always made some recognition, which was called 

 " pannage." At Mailing, in Sussex, the Archbishop of Can- 

 terbury received three hundred swine from the pannage of 

 the wood. 3 In many counties the area of the wood is 

 expressed by the number of the swine given to the lord 

 by way of pannage. At Leominster every villan having ten 

 pigs paid one to the lord by way of pannage. 4 From the 

 manor of Eling was taken into the New Forest the houses 

 of sixteen villans and three bordars, and wood yielding 280 

 pigs by way of pannage. 5 Such woods in which pigs could 

 be fed were styled in Derbyshire "silvse pastiles," and were 

 contrasted with " silvse vastatse " (unfruitful woods). 



Occasionally woods were valuable for other reasons : the 

 hawks' nests therein are always noted ; as are the " haiae," 

 the enclosures for catching roebucks, as they are specifically 

 called in Shropshire and Cheshire. The duty of making 

 these deer-hays was called the " stabilatio," and is often 

 referred to: it was one of the duties of the Lancashire 



1 D. B., I. 173 a 2. 2 /</., I. 68 a I. 3 Id., I. 16 a i. 



4 Id., I. i8oa I. 5 Id. t I. 38 b 2. 



