VALUES AND RENDERS 227 



Robert held half a virgate at Bedretune, which lay in the 

 farm of Wantage. 1 But, on the other hand, it is possible that 

 in some cases holding " ad firmam " implies that the tenant 

 paid an agreed sum in cash for his land. 



The student will, however, notice that in the large majority 

 of instances the Commissioners state not the rents, but only 

 the value of the various properties. In six only of the 360 

 properties in Oxfordshire that are separately assessed, are the 

 rents given as distinguished from the values ; and these six 

 are royal properties. In other counties, where the rents are 

 given, the values also are often stated. What, then, did the 

 Commissioners mean when they spoke of " values " ? 



In the first place, it is clear that in reckoning both rents 

 and values there were three or four sources of income whence 

 the whole would be derived. Look at the bailiffs' accounts of 

 the thirteenth century. The greater part of each account is 

 taken up with the receipts and expenditure in connection with 

 the demesne farm ; but there were other sources of income. 

 The customary payments of the villans, the rents of the 

 socagers or freeholders, the perquisites of the court, the rents 

 of the mill and the meadows, and the pannage of the swine, 

 were all accounted for by the bailiffs. All these subsidiary 

 receipts were added to the receipts from the demesne 

 farm, and from the grand total all the expenses were de- 

 ducted, and a balance was struck, for which the bailiff had to 

 account. 



By way of example, let us analyze the accounts of the 

 Bailiff of Stoughton (Sussex) for the year ending Michaelmas, 

 I288: 2 



1 D. B., I. 57 a i. 



2 Ministers' Accounts^ 1030, 18. 



