NATURE OF FUNGI. 13 



deprived of all autonomous liberty, is not at all consonant with 

 the manner of existence of the other alga3, and that it has no 

 parallel in nature, for nothing physiologically analogous occurs 

 anywhere else. Krempelhuber has argued that there are no 

 conclusive reasons against the assumption that the lichen-gonidia 

 may be self-developed organs of the lichen proper rather than 

 algse, and that these gonidia can continue to vegetate separately, 

 and so be mistaken for unicellular algae." In this Th. Fries 

 seems substantially to concur. But there is one strong argu- 

 ment, or rather a repetition of an argument already cited, placed 

 in a much stronger light, which is employed by Nylander in the 

 following words : " So 'far are what are called alga3, according 

 to the turbid hypothesis of Schwendener, from constituting true 

 algae, that on the contrary it may be affirmed that they have a 

 lichenose nature, whence it follows that these pseudo-algoa are 

 in a systematic arrangement to be referred rather to the lichens, 

 and that the class of algse hitherto so vaguely limited should be 

 circumscribed by new and truer limits. 



As to another phase in this question, there are, as Krempel- 

 huber remarks, species of lichens which in many countries do 

 not fructify, and whose propagation can only be carried on by 

 means of the soredia, and the hyphaD of such could in themselves 

 alone no more serve for propagation than the hyphas from the 

 pileus or stalk of an Agaric, while it is highly improbable that 

 they could acquire this faculty by interposition of a foreign 

 algal. On the other hand he argues : " It is much more con- 

 formable to nature that the gonidia, as self-developed organs of 

 the lichens, should, like the spores, enable the hyphae proceeding 

 from them to propagate the individual.* 



A case in point has been adducedf in which gonidia were 

 produced by the hypha, and the genus Emericella^ which is 

 allied to Husseia in the TricTiogastres, shows a structure in the 

 stem exactly resembling Palmella botryoides of Greville, and to 

 what occurs in Synalyssa. EmericeUa, with one or two other 



* Rev. J. M. Crombie, in " Popular Science Review," July, 1874. 

 f Berkeley's " Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany," p. 373, fig. 78a. 

 Berkeley's "Introduction," p. 341, fig. 76. 



