AFFINITIES, ETC. BETWEEN THE BRAIN OF MAN AND ANIMALS. 25 



these complex structures in the two subjects of our comparison. 

 Sheet III figures at a the brain of an European; at b, that of a 

 Bushwoman, known as the ' Hottentot Venus.' Sheet IV gives, 

 above, the brain of an orang ; below, that of a chimpanzee. 

 Sheet V, above, the brain of a mandrill ; below, that of the 

 American spider (Ateles belzebutli). Sheets VI and VII, though bor- 

 rowed from M. Gratiolet, might have been taken from the external 

 surface of the left cerebral hemisphere of the self-same vervet 

 monkey, the right hemisphere of. which is dissected and delineated 

 in Sheet I. Its simple brain will be used as a clue to guide us 

 through the tortuosities of its more complex fellows. 



Before entering upon the detail of the facts which these figures 

 are intended to elucidate, or help in elucidating, it may be ex- 

 pedient for me to pass in review the various sets of opinions or 

 feelings which men may bring with them to such investigations. 

 Some persons may be content to turn away from the consideration 

 of any possible anthropological bearing which this subject will 

 generally be held to have, to receive the facts simply as facts, and 

 to abstain from employing them as premises to this or that con- 

 clusion. To such persons I would say, that all the results which 

 recent investigations have elicited with reference to the points of 

 agreement and difference which are the subject of this evening's 

 lecture, can refer for confirmation to the photographic process, 

 the testimony of which is unimpeachable, as the sun has as few 

 theories to support as the most thorough -going of positive philo- 

 sophers, and could not mislead even if he would. 



But most men will come to a lecture such as this with the in- 

 tention of reading its facts into the language of one or the other 

 of two schools of modern physical speculation, — the Materialistic or 

 the Idealistic, — and with the teaching of either one of these may 

 be combined either view of the origin of species. Thus there may 

 be four sets of opinions with which the phenomena of which I 

 shall in a moment speak will have to be harmonised : materialism, 

 to wit, coupled with a belief in the immutability and primordial 

 distinctness of species ; materialism coupled with a belief in the 

 theory of development ; idealism united with the tenets of special 

 creative acts both as to body and mind ; idealism, lastly, united with 

 developmental views as to bodily structures. None of these four 

 sets of views necessarily, or at all events actually, entail what 





