BRAIN OF MAN AND THE BRAINS OF CERTAIN ANIMALS. 51 



To believers, then, in the Doctrine of Types, I would suggest in 

 the way of comfort, that even if it were to be clearly proved, which, 

 however I do not say that it yet is, that the differences between 

 man's brain and that of the apes are differences entirely of quantity, 

 there is no reason in the nature of things why so many and such 

 weighty differences of degree should not amount to a difference of 

 kind. Differences of degree and differences of kind are, it is true, 

 mutually exclusive terms in the anthropomorphic language of the 

 schools ; whether they are so also in the laboratory of Nature, we 

 may very well doubt. In the inspection of a museum, it is but the 

 uneducated who look at the cases and shelves, and admire them, 

 the handiwork of the carpenter-, to the neglect of the works of 

 nature for the convenient arrangement of which they were designed. 

 Yet educated men are constantly guilty of analogous vulgarity of 

 thought, when they worship formulae rather than facts, and bind 

 themselves rather than phenomena in the trammels of artificial 

 classifications. I would express the moral of my metaphor by saying 

 that of all idolatry, that which is paid to the Idola Theatri is in 

 these days of ours the least justifiable. 



With the difficulty which has been raised 1 by speaking of the 

 sparks of understanding and flashes of ratiocination which we see 

 every now and then flickering out in the life manifestations of the 

 lower animals, as though they were nascent soul and nascent spirit, 

 the metaphysician may very safely be trusted to deal. Kant and 

 Coleridge have indeed lived in vain, if their very dullest disciple is 

 unable to grapple with this objection. 



But an anatomist may go out of his way to say to believers in 

 the Theory of Development, that, granting the human brain to be 

 greatly larger according to actual measurement, and greatly more 

 perfect, according to all the analogies which other systems and 

 structures offer us, he by no means allows as a direct consequence 

 of this, that of the two terms of the comparison which is present 

 always to our mind's eye, during such an investigation, soul is the 

 second and body the first — that psychical manifestations, mental 

 phenomena, are the result, not soul the condition, of bodily perfec- 

 tion. There are many facts in biology, not the least striking of 

 which Gratiolet's analysis of the Brain Convolutions has enabled 

 certain 2 of his disciples to discover, which go to prove that mind 



1 'Nat. Hist. Review,' January, 1862, p. 8. 2 Wagner, * Vorstudien,' p. 90. 



E 2 



