INTRODUCTION. 169 



identical, sometimes a slightly lower stature-estimate. The length 

 of the femur has been measured 1 from the point at which the head 

 of the bone abuts upon one flat surface to the middle point of 

 another flat surface which touches the distal ends of both the con- 

 dyles. The length of the tibia has been taken from the level of the 

 femoral articular-surface to that of the astragalar, as by Professor 

 Huxley, I.e. p. 146, and Langer, I.e. p. 65. In some few eases, 

 in which none of the other long bones were available for measure- 

 ment, the length of the humerus, from the upper surface of its 

 head to the middle of the distal articular surface, has been taken as 

 being 19*5 to the stature as 100, as given by Professor Humphry, 

 1 Human Skeleton,' p. 108, 1858. 



As regards the sex of the skulls described and figured, there can, 

 it is believed, be little ambiguity even irrespectively of any 

 indications which the long bones and pelvis may have afforded. 

 These indications have of course always been taken into account, 

 where it was possible to do so, in the determination of the sex, not 

 only of each figured and described skull, but also of every other 

 skull mentioned in this book which has been sent to me for 

 verification. In some cases 2 it may be unsafe, in the absence 



1 This measurement, as taken by Professor Huxley (' Prehistoric Remains of Caith- 

 ness,' p. 147), appears to be preferable for the purpose in question to that taken by 

 Virchow (' Archiv fur Anthropologic,' vol. vi. p. 18) from the trochanter major to the 

 external condyle ; or by Lihavzig, from the same point to the middle of the patella 

 ('Gesetzdes Wachsthums,' p. 321, 1S62); or by Langer ('Wachsthum des Menschlichen 

 Skelets/ Denkschrift Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Nat. Klass., Bd. xxi. S. A. 

 PP- 59> 87), from the apex of the trochanter major to the middle of a line drawn as 

 above as a tangent to the two condyles ; or by Lissauer (' Alt-Pommer. Schadel,' p. 8, 

 1872), from the uppermost point of the head of the femur to the under edge of the 

 inner condyle. 



2 The skull of an Anglo-Saxon woman found by me at Frilford ['Archaeologia,' 

 vol. xvii. p. 440, 1870], buried with the insignia of the female sex, would I think be 

 referred to the male sex by most craniologists if the bones of the trunk and limbs (to 

 say nothing of the archaeological surroundings) had not been available for reference 

 and comparison, as fortunately they were and are in the University Museum, 

 ' No. xxii. Jan. 6, 1869.' Similarly I have more than once had skulls of savage races 

 put into my hands which I had every reason to believe had belonged to females, but 

 which, from a consideration of the skull-characters alone, I should have supposed to 

 have belonged to men. As I have elsewhere observed, however (see 'Journal of 

 Anthropological Institute,' vol. v. p. 123, October 1875), female skulls of savage races 

 are by no means always thus similar to male either in size, texture, or contour; the 

 class of cases indeed characterised by similarity or subequality is perhaps only a little 

 more numerous, at all events amongst priscan skulls, than the class characterised by 

 disproportionate smallness. As Welcker has observed ('Archiv fiir Anthropologie,' 



