INTRODUCTION. 171 



The following works and memoirs may be consulted as to points 

 distinguishing* male from female crania : — 



Humphry, 'Human Skeleton/ 1858, pp. 103-232. 



Von Baer, 'Crania Selecta/ Mem. Acad. Imp. St. Petersbourg, 

 torn. viii. 1859, p. 259. 



Welcker, ' Wachsthum und Bau des Menschlichen Schadels/ 1862, 

 pp. 65, 141. 'Archiv fur Anthropologic,' Bd. i. 1866, pp. no and 

 120-127. B. Davis, Ibid., Bd. ii. p. 25. . 



Ecker, Ibid. p. 82, and Bd. ii. p. 1 10, 1867, and ' Crania Germaniae 

 Meridionalis Occidentalis/ 1865, p. 78. 



Aeby, ' Schadelformen/ 1867, pp. 10-12. 'Archiv fur Anthropo- 

 logic,' vi. 1872, p. 302. 



Cleland, 'Phil. Trans.' 1870, pp. 124-132, 161-164. 



Weisbach, 'Archiv fur Anthropologic,' Bd. i. 1866, pp. 191 and 

 285. 'Archiv fur Anthropologic,' Bd. iii. 1868, p. 6i. 



With tables such as those given by Dr. Aitken, ' On the Growth 

 of the Recruit,' 1862, pp. 36-38, and by Welcker, 'Archiv fur An- 

 thropologic/ i. p. 119, 1864, there is very little difficulty in deter- 

 mining with a high degree of probability the age of skulls below 

 30 years of age, if the bones of the trunk and limbs are available as 

 well as the cranium. This, however, has by no means always been 

 the case with the skulls of this series ; still the condition of the 

 teeth furnishes us with a fair indication for an approximate estimate 

 of the age of their owner up to the age mentioned. When the 

 teeth all alike have begun to show marks of wear, but the inner 

 and outer surfaces of the skull still retain some smoothness and 

 glossiness, I have spoken of the skull as belonging to a person in 

 the ' early portion of middle life,' meaning thereby a period from 

 30 to 40. Greater wear of the teeth as yet unaccompanied with 

 serious senile changes I have spoken of as characterising ' later 

 middle life/ a period between 40 and 50. The commencement 

 of senile changes I have noted by speaking of the skull as having 

 belonged to a person ' past middle life/ their greater development 

 by speaking of the skull as that of an ' aged' person. In priscan, 

 as indeed, according to Dr. E. Zuckerkandl ('Reise der Osterreich. 

 Ereg. No vara/ 1875, p. 117), in modern skulls, both of civilised 

 and savage races, the obliteration of the sutures of the skull takes 

 place at any time within a period extending over no less a time than 

 the twenty years from the age of 20 to that of 40. Dr. Thurnam 



