244 GENERAL REMARKS 



A third remark of equal generality and importance would be 

 suggested by this survey of these three sets of crania, to the effect 

 that though skulls very closely similar to the typical representatives 

 of either of the prehistoric series might be found upon living 

 shoulders amongst the present population of this country, the 

 elongated and fairly well-filled oval Anglo-Saxon cranium was the 

 prevalent form amongst us in England x at the present day. 



points of difference which thus guide to a right conclusion will appear in the descrip- 

 tion to be given in the text. 



1 In Germany anthropologists are not as yet at one as to whether the dolichocephalic 

 form of skull, which when combined with tall stature and light hair and complexion 

 has been usually considered to constitute ' Das Germanische Typus,' is at the present 

 day both outnumbered and qualitatively excelled by the brachycephalic type or 

 not. Ecker, in the ' Archiv fur Anthrop.' ix. 4, p. 259, 1877, expresses himself thus : 

 ' Wissen wir doch z. B. dass die in unserem Lande einst so verbreitete Schadelform 

 der Reihen-Graber die wohl unzweifelhaft auch mit einer bestimmten Korperstatur 

 verbunden war, jetzt fast ganz einer anderen Form Platz gemacht hat, deren Trager 

 in ihrem ganz physisohen Habitus anders geartet sind, als jene es wahrscheinlich waren. 

 Waren jene hochgewachsen vorherrschend blond, so sind diese gedrungener, dunkler 

 von Haar und Augen.' Virchow, who has repeatedly expressed himself to the effect 

 that brachycephaly is a higher form of skull than dolichocephaly (see 'Arch, fur 

 Anth.' v. 4, 1872, p. 536, where Calori is quoted to the same effect as regards the 

 Italians ; or, ' Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie,' iv. 2, p. 36, where Cortese is similarly cited 

 as to the smaller size and stature of modern Italian dolichocephali ; or, ' Sammlung,' 

 ix. 193, 1874, p. 45), would appear, from his saying, ' Arch, fur Anth.,' 1. c. p. 540, that 

 the broadening which the dolichocephalic modern German skulls of which Herr 

 Holder writes have attained to as compared with the ancient dolichocephali may 

 bring them within the limits of brachycephaly by measurement, to neglect the 

 difference which Professor Cleland (' Phil. Trans.' 1. c. p. 146) has so well insisted upon 

 as existing between dolichocephaly of type and contour as opposed to that constituted 

 by mere measurement of the single relation of breadth to the length, and that too 

 irrespectively of the height. Herr Holder appears to have proved that the Germanic 

 type as ordinarily understood has the larger and better developed brain, at all events 

 in the parts of Germany known to him (see his Memoirs, • Archiv fur Anthropologic,' 

 it. pp. 53-55, and' Zusammenstellung der in Wurtemberg vorkommenden Schadelformen,' 

 1876, and the discussion at the meeting of the German Association for Anthropology 

 held in Stuttgart in August 1872, reported in the 'Arch, fur Anth.' v. p. 539). His 

 words in the Report just quoted are, 'In Wurtemberg finden sich aber unter den seit 

 Generationen geistig beschaftigten Standen viel mehr dolichocephale Formen als 

 unter den Handarbeitern.' The facts, so far as I can collect them as regards Germany, 

 appear to me to be that the genuine Teutonic type, as we know it from undoubtedly 

 Anglo-Saxon, and from Frankish skulls, has, in the course of centuries (some of which 

 have been times of culture, and all of which may have been times admittedly of 

 crossing with a brachycephalic stock), intermediate in archaeological date between the 

 Reihen-Graber period and the earliest graves, become relatively somewhat broader, 

 but without losing its primitive contour. Throughout Germany however there exists 

 a brachycephalic stock, usually, but by no means always, darker haired and of shorter 

 stature and of less cranial capacity than the typically dolichocephalic variety; and 



