UPON THE SERIES OF PREHISTORIC CRANIA. 255 



both in strength and in size when we read (Tacitus, < Germania,' cap. 

 1 6) that their marriage-presents of ' juncti boves, paratus equus, data 

 arma' were intended to teach them symbolically ' venire se laborum 

 periculorumque socias, idem in pace, idem in proelio passuras ausuras- 

 que.' In women subjected to such equal trials, and incited to such equal 

 aspirations, the great sexual disparities at once of a physical, moral 

 and intellectual nature, which have so often been noted as well in 

 more civilised as in more savage communities, would on principles 

 of natural selection tend to disappear. That the series of skeletons 

 from the bronze period also contrasts and in the same way with the 

 series from the stone and bone period, may be gathered from the 

 fact that in the series from the later period there is from time to 

 time a difficulty in distinguishing the sex of the skeletons when 

 the entire number of the bones are not preserved, a difficulty which 

 scarcely ever arises in the case of pre-metallic skeletons. The 

 subequality in size of the sexes in the Gallic races was expressly 

 noted by Diodorus, and many other writers, ancient as regards our 

 times but entirely modern as regards the long-barrow era, have, as 

 I have pointed out above, p. 170, remarked that in Celtic, no less 

 than in German tribes, both sexes exposed themselves to the same 

 risks in war. To the British of the time of Boadicea, Tacitus 2 tells 

 us ('Ann.'xiv. 2>5\ it was 'solitum feminarum ductu bellare 2 ;' and the 

 presence and participation of women in governments, battles, and 

 massacres is repeatedly mentioned by the same writer (see ' Agricola/ 

 j 6j 31 , 32 ; f Germania,' 8 ; 'Ann.' xiv. 30. See also Diodorus, v. 32, 

 39 ; Strabo, iii. 4, 17, t8, vii. 2, 3 ; Dio Cassius, Ixii. 4; and supra, 

 p. 170). 



The words of Dio Cassius 3 , a historian deserving, even as 



1 Tacitus of course is writing (locc. citt.) of races whom the antiquary would speak 

 of as ' late Celts,' but the physical subequality which this community of risks as 

 incurred in his days must have entailed had existed in the much earlier bronze age ; 

 and the brachycephalic type persisted not only through the late Celtic period, but, 

 as the examination of the Oxfordshire Crawley tumulus carried on by Mr. Akerman, 

 Dr. Thurnam, and myself has shown, to a much later period. Indeed in this 

 tumulus the crania were almost exclusively brachycephalic, and to a most marked 

 degree, while the skeletons possessed the size and strength already described (p. 253 

 supra) as being usually found to characterise the trunk and limb bones to which 

 such crania appertain. For an account of the Crawley tumulus, see Akerman, 

 ' Archaeologia,' xxxvii. p. 432 ; Thurnam, ibid. xlii. p. i75« 



2 Seep. 170 supra, and Bates, 'Naturalist on the Amazons,' ii. 132; Clements Mark- 

 ham, 'Travels in Peru and India,' p. 159 ; Rochholtz, 'Deutsche Glaube,' ii. 289. 



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