264 GENERAL REMARKS 



reindeer period, whilst in both of them small stunted crania are 

 found mixed up with large ones, and that too in the tombs ( of the 

 kings V 



To obtain however any really satisfactory rationale of the difference 

 between brachycephaly and dolichocephaly we must go beyond 

 examination simply of the texture, relative proportion, and capacity 

 of the skulls, and must enquire what the conformation of the cover- 

 ing skull can teach us of the conformation and character of the 

 contained brain. As I have already pointed out (p. 638), Huschke, 

 nearly a quarter of a century ago, stated of certain readily recog- 

 nisable landmarks on the skull, such as the frontal and parietal 

 tubera and the coronal and the lambdoidal sutures, that certain 

 equally definite and recognisable brain-convolutions would be found 

 to correspond with them. These important observations, owing 

 probably to their being mixed up with a vast mass of matter of less 

 precision and interest, failed to attract the attention which they 

 deserved, and a considerable number of investigators, including 

 myself 2 , have subsequently to the appearance of Huschke's memoir 



1 A considerable amount of discussion upon the subject of the Lapp hypothesis took 

 place at the Meeting of the International Congress of Prehistoric Anthropology and 

 Archaeology held at Stockholm in 1874; the opinions of the following authors, mostly 

 in disfavour of the hypothesis, will be found at the pages of the Compte Rendu of 

 the Congress (published last year, 1876) which I append to their names : — Rygh, pp. 

 178-179 ; Montelius, p. 194 ; Worsaae, p. 208 ; Gustav Retzius, pp. 231-233 ; Schaaf- 

 hausen, p. 841 ; Virchow, p. 848; Baron von Diiben's views, pp. 691-692, have already 

 been quoted, p. 225 supra, and the following extract from Mr. Smiles' ' Life of a Scotch 

 Naturalist, Thomas Edward,' 1876, p. 357, looks a little strange when compared with 

 it : 'It is probable that a great part of Europe was originally peopled by Lapps, and 

 that they were driven North by the incoming of a more civilised race from the East. 

 There are still remnants of the Lapps in the Island of Malmbn off the coast of Sweden, 

 in North Connaught, and the Island of Aran in Ireland ; in the Island of Lewis off 

 the Western Coast of Scotland, and in several of the Shetland Islands.' 



So far as I know, Professor Nilsson's (' Skandinaviska Nordens Ur-invanare,' Lund 

 1838-184 3, Hft. 3, p. 12) and Professor Rask's names are connected with the 

 origination of this hypothesis. The views of the former of these authors appear to 

 have been considerably modified in the thirty years' interval between 1838 and the 

 publication of an English translation of his work under the editorship of Sir John 

 Lubbock (see p. 122 of this translation). 



The views of the elder Retzius may be seen in ' Muller's Archiv,' 1845, or ' Ethnolo- 

 gische Schriften,' 1864, p. 20; and 'Muller's Archiv,' 1849, and 'Ethn. Schriften,' p. 

 102. The small skulls described by Retzius, from Marly and Meudon near Versailles 

 ('Muller's Archiv,' 1847, p. 499, and 'Ethn. Schriften,' pp. 62-64), furnish instances 

 of stunted skulls the existence of which can be explained as in the text. 



2 Professor Broca in France, Professor Turner in England, M. Ferdinand Heftier 

 in Russia, and Professor Bischoff in Germany, have connected their names with this 



