340 APPENDIX. 



coins of Gaul and Britain ; on Roman civilisation being introduced, this 

 national symbol was no longer a gaunt lean animal, as it appears on the 

 shield, but a well-conditioned boar of a natural form and in a classical 

 attitude V 



The small Scottish Highland and Island breed of pigs described by 

 Low (' Domesticated Animals of the British Islands,' Eng. ed. p. 429, 

 Fr. ed. pi. iii) and by Youatt ('The Pig/ 1847, PP« 5°~5 2 ) as having 

 sharp-pointed suberect ears, remarkably strong muscular snouts, an 

 arched back (the ' Carp ' back of the Germans), and a forest of stiff 

 bristles arising from it, may perhaps be taken as representing to us now 

 what the ancient domesticated pig was. The old Welsh pig resembles 

 the Scotch in various points characterising an unimproved breed, but its 

 large ears, spoken of familiarly by breeders as being * as large as 

 newspapers,' indicate that it has been more thoroughly domesticated. 

 Its colour also is more constantly and deeply dark than is that of 

 northern form 2 . But the size of the ears and the colouration are both 



1 The following passage from De Blainville's * Osteographie,' 1847, fasc. xxii.p. 170, 

 may be quoted as being a good instance of the folly of relying in these questions upon 

 negative evidence, especially when the existence of that evidence is due simply to 

 neglect of the three lines of enquiry available here, viz. the examination of bones ; the 

 excavation or other discovery of coins and works of art ; and, thirdly, the examina- 

 tion of literature, Writing of Sus he says, ' Du temps de Cesar il parait cependant 

 qu'elle n'dtait pas encore parvenue dans les Gaules, car il n'est nullement question de 

 cet animal dans ses Commentaires ; elle s'y est done propagee depuis la conquete, d'ou. 

 elle a passe'e en Angleterre, qui ne posse'dait pas meme de sanglier dans ses forets.' It 

 is needless to refer to the innumerable discoveries of Sus, both wild and tame, in pre- 

 Roman deposits in this country ; and the unanimously accepted result of archaeological 

 enquiry may be shortly summed up in the following words of M. Montellier's ' Me"- 

 moires sur les Bronzes Antiques' (Paris, 1865, p. 41), 'Le symbole sanglier e"tait 

 un symbole Celtique le plus ancien de tous les symboles adoptes dans les Gaules.' The 

 evidence of literature tells even more strongly in the same direction. From Mr. 

 Thomas Stephens's 'Literature of the Kymry' (second edition, 1876, pp. 236-270) 

 I learn that this animal was taken by the Kymric poets as typifying the past and 

 future fortunes of their race, and the number of odes translated in the pages referred 

 to in which the persons addressed by those bards are apostrophised in its character is 

 very great. Neither Mr. Stephens nor Mr. Davies can, I apprehend, be accused of 

 want of sympathy with the race which they write of ; but I note as regards this par- 

 ticular point that the only difference between them is that (pp. 237 and 270) whilst 

 according to Mr. Davies in the Hoianau the pig is 'the symbol of Druidism,' it 

 appears to Mr. Stephens that it ' allegorically represents the Kymry who inhabited 

 the Principality.' 



2 It is not safe to assume that any appearance of a black colour in a pig of this 

 country shows it to be modern, as if this colour could only be due to some cross with 

 the breed known as 'Neapolitan,' and called conveniently by Nathusius, on account of 

 its distribution over the Mediterranean area occupied by Rome in her best days, the 

 ' Roman ' pig. For the colour of the pig is not only exceedingly variable per se, as 

 stated above, and for reasons which we do not know; but it changes, as regards entire 



