SWISS LAKE-DWELLINGS. 849 



country; and the light hair combined with typically brachycephalic 

 skull which so constantly meets the eye in Switzerland may incline us 

 to favour this view. It may seem to be going out of the way to take up 

 with this hypothesis when there is a characteristically brachycephalic 

 stock occupying at the present day, as it has done no doubt uninter- 

 ruptedly from prehistoric times, the conterminous region of the Grisons. 

 The Eoumansch race, however, is dark-haired, whilst the Swiss brachy- 

 cephali are, especially as compared with the French, light-haired; the 

 relations between the Rhaeti and the Helvetii was in historic times (see 

 ' Crania Helvetica,' p. 33) ordinarily the reverse of amicable ; and what 

 appears to me the most convincing argument of all, rye, a cereal the 

 place of origin of which is supposed by De Candolle (' Geograph. Botan. 

 Raisonn^e/ ii. 938-940) to be in the district to the east of the Alps, and 

 which has been the staple food of the Grisons, has, like oats and spelt, 

 never been found in the lake-dwellings. 



Eastern Switzerland is known, both from linguistic and from historical 

 evidence, to owe a very large part of its population to the Alemannian 

 invasion ; the physical characters however of this race were different 

 from those of the Cimbric probably, and certainly from those of the 

 Roumansch, and of the brachycephalic stock abundant in South Germany 

 at the present day. 



From the phaenomena presented by the pottery, by the implements, 

 by the cultivated plants and domesticated animals of prehistoric times in 

 this and other countries, arguments have been drawn in favour of one 

 or other of three theories, which may for the sake of brevity be spoken 

 of as the theory of Immigration with more or less displacement of any 

 population previously in occupation, the theory of Importation without 

 immigration, and the theory called by its supporters the ' Autochthony ' 

 of these products. It may be well here to give references to authorities 

 who have pronounced themselves in favour of one or other of each of 

 these three views. 



In favour of the first theory we may cite Rutimeyer, who (' Fauna der 

 Pfahlbauten,' pp. 160-162, 1861) speaks of the introduction of bronze 

 as being a ' Wendepunkt der moglicherweise mit clem Auftreten neuer 

 Vblkerstamme in Verbindung stand ; ' and suggests that the appearance 

 of a new race of domestic dogs at the commencement of that period 

 indicates the setting up of intercourse with or replacement by a fresh 

 race of men. In the same sense we find Prof. E. Desor (' Le Bel Age du 

 Bronze Lacustre/ p. 11, 1874) speaking of the weeds, such as Centaurea 

 cyanus and JSilene cretica, which accompany the cerealia of the lake- 

 dwellings, as those of modern Switzerland, thus: 'Etrangeres a notre 



