470 ON THE CK ONTOLOGY OF THE BUSHMEN. 



The main sutures I think have perhaps something peculiar about 

 them, this consisting in their being made of denticulations which 

 are complex but shallow, contrasting thus with the complex but 

 deep denticulations of well-developed European, and the coarse but 

 shallow ones of Australian crania. 



The verticality of the forehead observable in so many Bushman, 

 and, indeed, in so many other African crania, is correlated with the 

 comparative feebleness, and consequent lightness, of their lower 

 jaws, which renders it unnecessary l that the brain and brain case 

 should be rotated backwards to counterbalance the facial skeleton 

 and to maintain the visual axis in a horizontal or semi-horizontal 

 plane. 



I have appended to this paper the measurements given by 

 Professor Flower, in his recently issued (1879) Catalogue, of the 

 six Bushman crania in the College of Surgeons' Museum, pp. 246, 

 247, and also the same measurements, as taken by myself, of the 

 six Bushman crania in the Oxford University Museum. The very 

 close correspondence of the two sets of measurements will strike 

 any one who will compare the columns which give the averages of 

 the two sets. The fact may be expressed in technical language by 

 saying that both lists coincide pretty nearly in showing that, as 



1867. Canestrini, 'Annuario della Soc. dei Naturalisti in Modena,' 1867, p. 83. 

 'Gazzetta della Cliniche,' Torino, 1871. G. Delorenzie's 'Tre nuove case d'anoinalia 

 dell' osso Malare,' Torino, 1872. E. Marselli, 'Sopra una rara anomalia dell' osso 

 Malare,' Modena, 1872. 



1873. Gruber, ' Monographie des zweigetheilten Jochbeines bei Menschen und 

 Saugethieren,' Archiv. Anat. und Physiologie, p. 337. 



1874. Gruber, 'Ann. Sci. Nat.' 3 ser. Zoologie, tome i. p. 30. 

 1878. 'Human Osteology,' Holden and Doran, p. 99. 



Laurillard's words from Cuvier's 'Anatomie Comparee,' vol. ii. pp. 381, 2, are 

 specially worthy of being quoted, as they were published so long ago as 1837. They 

 are as follows : — 



'Au bord inferieur du jugal nous avons trouve* sur deux sujets un os particulier, 

 alonge* et aplati, etendu tout le long du bord inferieur du jugal, et l'articulant en 

 avant avec 1' extremite* tres-saillante de l'apophyse malaire du maxillaire et en arriere 

 avec l'apophyse zygomatique du temporal, laquelle se trouve ainsi presenter deux 

 sutures, l'une verticale avec le jugal proprement dit, l'autre horizontale avec ce 

 second jugal en faisant un angle presque droit avec la pre*ce*dente. Dans les sujets oh 

 nous l'avons rencontre*, la forme de ce nouvel os, ses connexions avec les os voisins, sa 

 proportion avec l'os malaire proprement dit, e*taient les memes, et comme nous avons 

 trouve", ainsi que nous le dirons plus loin, dans certaines especes de singes une sub- 

 division parfaitement semblable, nous sommes portes a la considerer autrement que 

 comme une disposition purement accidentelle.' 



1 See Cleland, 'Phil. Trans.' 1870, p. 163. 



