ON THE CKANIOLOGY OF THE BUSHMEN. 475 



with Africa and Prussia will not be questioned, are to the following 

 effect : — 



' Die viel besprochene Hottentotten-Schurze ist fur Jemanden welcher fleissig die 

 geburtshiilfliche Station oder den Secirsaal einer grbsseren TJniversitat, z. B. Berlin 

 besucht, auch Berber, Aegypter, und Nigritierfrauen ganz nackt gesehen hat, kein 

 auszeichnendes Rassenmerkmal mehr 1 .' 



The old view which ascribed a Mongolian origin to the Khoi- 

 Khoin races is now pretty generally given up. A more important 

 subject would, if I had space, be furnished me for discussion in the 

 recent discoveries in Central Africa l , which appear to point to the 

 existence of kinship between the pigmy Akka and Obongo tribes 

 and the Bushman. 



The main points which appeared to former writers to indicate 

 Mongolian affinities are the yellow as opposed to the black colour 

 of the skin, the prominence of the cheek-bones, and the supposed 

 obliquity of the opening of the eyelids. This last peculiarity, 

 as Fritsch ('Die Eingeborene Siid-Afrika's, p. 286) has shown, is 

 due simply to the disagreeable necessity of keeping the eyelids 

 constantly half closed, owing to the glare and, as others have 

 pointed out, the sandflies, to which these homeless savages are 

 self-exposed. The Swiss Professor, Schiess-Gemuscus, of Basle, has 

 similarly explained the causation of snow-blindness (see 'Archiv 

 fur Ophthalmologic, xxv. 3, p. 1 J 3), by reference to the blepharo- 

 spasms and conjunctivitis produced by the dryness and the glare 

 of the upland snowfield ; and I apprehend that the osseous structures 

 underlying the organs protecting the eye may be reasonably supposed 

 to undergo some modification in correlation with the increased 

 demand for work, which ' blepharospasmus ' expresses as being 

 thrown upon the muscular structures which they support. Thus 

 the prominent malar arch and the forwardly projecting outer seg- 

 ments of the orbit, as seen alike in the Mongolian of the treeless 

 steppe, in the Eskimo of the snow-desert, and the Bushman of the 

 sun-burnt South African uplands, may receive a physiological as 



1 Many references to the older literature treating of the two peculiarities mentioned 

 will be found in Waitz's ' Anthropologic, ' th. i. pp. 120-122; 1859. An important note 

 regarding the latter of the two is given by a man of science residing at the Cape of 

 Good Hope in Professor Flower and Dr. Murie's 'Account of the Dissection of a 

 Bushwoman,' Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, No. II. May, 1867, p. 208. 



2 For this see Hartmann, 'Die Nigritier,' 1876, p. 492, who cites Schweinfurth, 

 1 Heart of Africa,' Eng. trans, vol. ii. chap, xvi., Du Chaillu, and the Rev. J. G. Wood, 

 'Natural History of Man,' Africa, p. 538, 1868. 



