202 ESSA YS. 



obtained from an English vessel captured by the French ; but 

 none of these were to be found in the Huron country, nor 

 could the Indians tell him the name of them ; and he regretted 

 that he had not brought some with him, for planting, since 

 " this root, being cut in pieces and planted, quickly grows 

 and multiplies, it is said, like the pommes de Canada " (pp. 

 781, 782). It is plain that the Huron roots first mentioned 

 were, or that Sagard believed them to be, " Jerusalem Arti- 

 chokes," — already known as " Canadian." 



I find no mention of the artichoke in Virginia or the 

 southern colonies before it was cultivated by Anglo-Ameri- 

 cans. The author of " A Perfect Description of Virginia," 

 printed in 1649, says that the English planters have {inter 

 alia} " roots of several kindes, Potatoes, Sparagus, Carrets, 

 . . . and Hartichokes." Beverly (Hist, of Virginia, 1722, 

 p. 254) mentions " Batatas Canadensis, or Jerusalem Arti- 

 choke," as planted by some of the English, for brewing beer. 

 Yet, the name of one of the esculent roots mentioned by Ha- 

 riot (Brief and True Report, etc., 1585) ought to belong to 

 some species of Sun Flower — and if to any, to H. tube- 

 rosus. Hariot names three tuberous roots found in Virginia : 

 " Openauk, a kind of roots of round form, some of the bignes 

 of walnuts, some far greater, which are found in moist and 

 marish grounds growing many together one by another in 

 ropes, or as though they were fastened with a string. Being 

 boiled or sodden, they are very good meate." [C. Bauhin 

 (Prodromus, 89) identifies these with Solarium tuberosum 

 esculentum, — and has been followed by later writers. The 

 description seems to me to indicate Apios tuberosa.~\ " Kais- 

 hucpenauk, a white kind of roots about the bignes of hen egs 

 and nere of that forme : their taste was not so good to our 

 seeming as of the other, and therefore their place and man- 

 ner of growing not so much cared for by vs : the inhabitants 

 notwithstanding vsed to boile and eat many." These may 

 be " Virginia potatoes," but their name, if Hariot recorded it 

 correctly, means " Sun-tubers." The etymology is perfectly 

 clear. The other roots described by Hariot, " Okeepenauk 

 are also of round shape, found in dry grounds : some are of 



