I 



CEMETERY AT FRILFORD. 635 



varieties ^, I am convinced that it is even more closely allied with 

 that brachycephalic form which has been called 'Ligurian' by 

 Professor Nicolucci, which is identified with the ' Disentis ' type of 

 Professors His and Riitimeyer, by Dr. Holder in his excellent paper 

 on the ethnography of Wiirtemberg ^^ though the Swiss Professors 

 themselves would demur to this unification ^ ; and which, finally, is, 

 I apprehend, the form considered till recently ^ by nearly all con- 

 tinental anthropologists as the oldest of European types. I am 

 inclined to hold that the rough-hewn brachycephalous Briton, of 

 whom Dr. Thurnam has written in his paper on ' the two principal 

 forms of ancient British and Gaulish skulls ^,' was distinct from 

 the brachycephalous ' Ligurian,' though very possibly descended 

 from one common stock ; just as I should think it very probable 

 that the cultured brachycephalous skulls of which I have spoken 

 were produced simply by the operation of civilising influences upon 

 the rougher crania of similar type, but of earlier times ; and as I 

 should suppose that Roman civilisation and Roman inter-crossing 

 elaborated the larger out of the smaller and earlier dolichocephalic 

 skulls of this country. The five varieties which I believe may be 

 thus distinguishable — viz., the two brachycephalous, and the two 

 dolichocephalous, cultured and uncultured respectively, and the 

 ' Ligurian ' —will be found to be connected with each other by 

 inosculant forms. Even under conditions of the most primitive^ 

 simplicity and peacefulness, the human cranium shows a great 

 tendency to variation; and in England we must recollect that this 

 essential liability to variation was much intensified in early times 

 by the migrations and immigrations of the Belgae from the con- 

 tinent; by those of the pastoral inhabitants of the then thinly 

 peopled, forest-covered country; and in later times by those of the 

 Romans and Saxons. Most or all invasions entail more or less of 



^ As taught by Professor Huxley, 1. o. p. 120; and 'Proc. Soc. Antiq.' April 19, 

 1866. 



2 'Arch, fiir Anthrop.' bd. ii. hft. i. 55-57. 



8 SeeV Crania Helvetica,' p. 41 ; 'Arch, fiir Anthropologie,' i. 70, 1866; Ecker, 

 Oan. Germ.' pp. 76-86; Huxley, I.e. pp. 11 7-1 18. 



* For a discussion as to the priority in point of time of the brachycephalous or the 

 lolichocephalous form of skull, see Mortillet, ' Mat^riaux pour I'Histoire positive et 

 >hilosophique de I'Homme,' 1867, pp. 383-385 ; Ecker, 'Crania German.' p. 93. 



* 'On two Forms,' I.e. pp. 31-44- 



« See Bates, 'Naturalist on the Amazons,' ii. p. 129, and per contra, Ecker, 'Crania 

 lermaniae Meridionalis/ p. 2 ; Gratiolet, ' Systbme Nerveux/ ii. p. 286. 



