PRODUCED BY MAN. 783 



His agency was the ' cluster ' pine, elsewhere called the ' pouch ' 

 pine, the Pinus joinaster of the botanists ^ The resinous and other 



» The pine employed by Br^montier is the Finns maritima of botanists; it is, 

 however, as nearly allied to the Finns halepensis as the two cedars Deodara and 

 atlantica are to each other. And I used a picture enlarged from a drawing of 

 Unger's (* Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse,' p. 88) of a * Pinus halepensis,' growing in 

 Eubcea, to show the general habit of the tree which had proved so useful in the 

 French Landes. It may be well, for my own credit at least, that I here explain that 

 I had with me, and suspended in the lecture-room, a number of pictures in illustration 

 of my subject. These I will herewith enumerate, stating the points they were intended 

 to make intelligible to the eyes, thereby sparing the ears, of those who honoured me 

 by coming to my lecture. I had with me — 



Firstly, the picture just referred to, which was intended primarily to illustrate, as 

 were some of the other pictures, the mischievous action of the goat, underwood being 

 almost entirely absent ; two goats being drawn browsing upon such shrubs as were 

 left, and keeping them down to a line corresponding with what Ruskin calls in this 

 country, where the old legal rule, hidentihus exceptis, still happily holds good in 

 practical pasturage, the ' cattle line.' The great mass of the picture was occupied by 

 the tall pines in question, and the bare, barren, and sunburnt native rocks, which 

 irrigation and the prohibition of goats might cover with figs and olives. 



Secondly, two pictures from Lepsius's Egyptian ' Denkmaler,' Abtheil. iii. 46, iv. 3, 

 and iv. 126, represented goats and men allied in the unholy task of destroying the 

 palm-trees of an enemy's country. In one of these pictures the goats had assumed 

 the same arboreal habits which they are drawn as exhibiting in Hooker and Ball's 

 •Marocco,' p. 97, in the argan tree. This picture was also shown enlarged by 

 permission of Sir Joseph Hooker. One of the pictures from the Egyptian monuments 

 was of the time of the 12th dynasty, and therefore, Professor Eawlinson informs me, 

 as early, accoi-ding to Wilkinson, as from B.C. 2020 to B.C. i860, or even, according to 

 Brugsch, as from B.C. 2378 to B.C. 2200. It is of course important to know that the 

 palm was so early as this a familiar object to Egyptian eyes, when, as I further learn 

 from Professor Eawlinson, * the earliest date-palms represented on Assyrian monu- 

 ments belong' to no earlier a date than B.C. 833 to B.C. 858; and that even in 

 Babylonia, where they now flourish far more than in the region corresponding to 

 Assyria proper, the palm-trees have not monumental evidence for an earlier date than 

 B.C. 1500. A cylinder from Babylonia, of uncertain but not earlier date than this, is 

 figured in Professor Rawlinson's ' Ancient Monarchies,' vol. iii. p. 23, 2nd edition. 

 These dates furnish something of an argument in favour of Unger's suggestion that 

 the palm may have had its original home in Upper Egypt ; and may make it seem 

 more probable that the Assyrians learnt from the Egyptians, than the Egyptians from 

 them, the art of cultivating this tree. Kampfer ('Amcenitates Exoticae,' p. 714) 

 declares himself to be, as indeed the inhabitants of Egypt themselves were, of opinion 

 that Arabia was the native home of the palm, and he dismisses the claims of a more 

 westerly origin in the four plain words, nam Africam non moramur. We shall, 

 however, go hereafter in detail into the claims of the * Dark Continent.' 



Thirdly, a picture of the gathering in of the date harvest in Persia, taken from 

 Kampfer's book just referred to, which was used to illustrate in connection with 

 certain reports of the formation in Algeria of date plantations in regions previously 

 barren (see Reclus, 'Earth,' i. p. 98, Eng. trans., 1871 ; Laurent, ' M^moires sur le 

 Sahara,' p. 85, 1859, c*«. Marsh, I. c. p. 482) the power of man for producing happiness 

 and enjoyment in localities previously but sandy, thirsty deserts. 



Fourthly, a picture enlarged from one given in Martius' 'Historia Naturalis 



