870 BIOLOGICAL TKAINING AND STUDIES. 



sequences in the course of reflex nutrition and reflex secretion, as of 

 gastric juice, may flow. A curious book was written, or at least 

 published, on the subject of these practices, and others akin to 

 them, in 1653, by Dr. John Bulwer, a benevolent doctor^ who paid 

 attention to the care of the deaf and dumb previously, I think it is 

 stated, to Dr. Wallis, and who consequently, with proper pride, 

 if this precedence really belongs to him, signs himself ^ J. B. cogno- 

 mento Chirosophus.'' The title of the book is ' Anthropometamor- 

 phosis ; Man Transformed, or the Artificial Changeling.' I was 

 made acquainted with its existence by my friend Mr. Tomlinson, 

 of Worcester College, from the library of which society I procured 

 a copy for consultation : the book is not rare I think, but I believe 

 it is little known ; it contains much that is curious, and it is, in- 

 asmuch as it was written more than 200 years ago, 6t aK7]paTos iju 

 €TL k€ttx(av, from some, though not from all points of view, the more 

 valuable. It is, I apprehend, to some of these customs, as well as 

 to others, that Zimmermann (not the author of the work on Solitude, 

 but Zimmermann the zoologist) alludes in a rather amusing passage, 

 which may be found in the third volume of his larger work on the 

 ' Distribution of Species and on Zoology ' (see p. 257). I speak of 

 the passage as amusing ; it is more than that, or I would not quote 

 it ; indeed you will not see that it is particularly amusing unless I 

 tell you that volumes ii and iii are of date 1783, and are dedicated to 

 his own father, whilst volume i, of date 1778, is dedicated to 'His 

 Most Serene Highness and Lord, Ferdinand Duke of Brunswick, 

 my Most Gracious Lord.' Its quality of amusingness depends upon 

 these dates, and the speculations they set us to make as to how the 

 Serene Duke, his ' Most Gracious Lord," had offended the man of 

 science in the interval between 1778 and 1783. It runs thus ; — 

 ' If you argue from similarity of customs and ceremonies to identity 

 of origin of two tribes under comparison, you must first show that 

 these customs are not such as would naturally tend to the ameliora- 

 tion of the conditions of the inhabitants in the two countries under 

 consideration, and would probably therefore, or can naturally, sug- 

 gest themselves to each of the races in question. Or there may be 

 customs founded on innate folly and stupidity, and thus, for your 

 argument to be valid, you must show that, of two peoples widely 

 separated, each cannot by any chance come into its own country to 

 adopt the like foolish and stupid customs. For whilst two wise 



