PRE-REQUI SITES OF CANDIDATES. 911 



rig'ht to demand. No examination, however large a factor of it the 

 practical part may be, can give entirely satisfactory proof that a 

 man knows his subject thoroughly and practically : the elasticity of 

 words, the power of verbal memory, the possibility of ' preparing * 

 and 'grafting' a candidate for examination, as, in America and 

 elsewhere, a mine is ' prepared ' and ' grafted ' for unwary speculators, 

 are not all the heads under which sources of fallacy in examina- 

 tions might be enumerated. Hence I should wish to secure for the 

 public what a system of roll-calls can secure — namely, the attend- 

 ance of a student in a particular spot where particular opportunities 

 for learning particular things should be available for him in a par- 

 ticular order and succession. This system of requirements should 

 be made to tally with the system of examinations, and thereby 

 teachers and pupils, examiners and candidates, would all alike be 

 relieved from much that is onerous, unreal, and a snare. The 

 examination system would dignify the system of the roll-call, 

 which, indeed, as aiming at something definitely attainable and 

 attaining it, even if nothing more, would at any rate possess the 

 dignity which truth possesses, that of Hncorrupta fides nudaque 

 Veritas' Common sense would consider the advantage, sense of 

 duty would enforce the necessity, of using opportunities whilst 

 they were available, and the two systems, that of examinations and 

 that of the pre-requisites for them, would be brought into a more 

 harmonious and less burdensome solidarity than they at present 

 enjoy. 



I have been speaking of the duties of young men and of learners, 

 but do not suppose that I think that older men and teachers, like 

 myself, have not their duties too. I know that I have mine, and 

 that I often> perform them very much otherwise than I should and 

 wish to do. One hears talk sometimes which makes one think that 

 the talker supposes that morality belongs to one sphere and science 

 to another, and that the two may impinge upon or collide with one 

 another, but cannot otherwise influence each other. This is an 

 entire mistake. 'Faith' and 'duty' are words which may, when 

 we see them on the outside of a tract, prepare us for finding ethical 

 and other disquisitions in pari maierie within its covers ; but faith 

 and duty, faithfulness and thoroughness, are also things which can 

 no more be left out of the world of scientific work than they can or 

 ought to be left out of ' that other world ' to which I have just 



