THE DOG IN HISTORY, ART, AND LITERATURE. 19 



The list is instructive, since it shows that, 

 over four centuries ago at least five of the 

 varieties (already owned the names by 

 which we know them to-day. 



Dame Juliana Berners was nearly a 

 hundred years in advance of Dr. John 

 Keys, or Caius, who in 1570, or there- 

 abouts, wrote a treatise on the English 

 dog. During his student days, in 1541, 

 Caius made a long sojourn in Italy. In 

 Padua, where he took his M.D. degree, 

 he became intimately acquainted with 

 Andreas Vesalius, the celebrated anatom- 

 ist, with whom he resided for eight months, 

 and who introduced him to Conrad Gesner, 

 the famous naturalist. Gesner was then 

 engaged upon his very ponderous " His- 

 tory of Animals," published eight years 

 afterwards in four folio volumes, and he 

 requested his friend to furnish him with 

 information on the dog. Caius, on return- 

 ing to Cambridge, gathered the required 

 facts and embodied them in a long letter, 

 written, of course, in Latin, which was 

 afterwards translated and published under 

 the title : "Of Englishe Dogges : A Short 

 Treatise in Latine by Johannes Caius, 

 drawne into Englishe bv Abraham Fleming, 

 1576." 



Apart from its historical interest the 

 treatise is now of no great value, but it 

 shows that even in the reign of Queen 

 Elizabeth such types as those of the Mastiff, 

 the Bulldog, the Bloodhound, Greyhound, 

 Beagle, Setter, Pointer, and Spaniel were 

 already clearly differentiated; and it recog- 

 nised the importance of special training for 

 the sporting breeds and the value of the 

 contributory work of the terrier in un- 

 earthing the fox and driving the otter from 

 his holt. 



According to Dr. Caius 



!A gentle kind, serving the game. 

 A homely kind, apt for sundry neces- 

 sary uses. 

 A currish kind, meet for many 

 toyes. 



He divides the first of these classes into 

 two sections Venatici, which were used 

 for the purpose of hunting beasts ; and 



Dogges serving 



y pastime of 

 hunting beastes 

 are divided into 



Aucupatorii, which served in the pursuit 

 of fowl. The Venatici are described by 



him as : 



Levemrius, or Harriers. 

 Terrarius, or Terrars. 

 Saiiguinarius, or Bloodhounds. 

 Agaseus, or Gazehounds. 

 Leporariiis, or Grehounds. 

 Lorarius, or Lyemmer. 

 Vertigus, or Tumbler. 

 Canis furax, or Stealer. 



The next section is devoted to Aucupa- 

 torii, which comprised 



Dogs used for f fndex, or Setter. 



fowling t Aqnaticus, or Spaniell. 



"The first," Dr. Caius notes, " findeth 

 game on the land. The other findeth 

 game on the water." And he proceeds 

 to give an ample account of the work of 

 the Spaniel and the Setter. 



His fourth section consists of the follow- 

 ing varieties of the dog : 



Canis Pastoralis, or 

 The Shepherd's 



Dogge. 



The Mastive, or 

 Bandogge, 



called 

 Canis Villaticus, 



or 

 Carbenarius. 



In the concluding section are the 



Admonitor, or Wapp. 

 Vernerpator, or Turnespet. 

 Saltator, or Dauncer. 



Thus we see that Dr. Caius was able to add 

 very considerably to the number of breeds 

 noted by Dame Juliana Berners. His state- 

 ments concerning some of the dogs he 

 describes are sometimes extremely vague 

 and indirect, but one has to remember that 

 most of his information was gathered, not 

 from personal knowledge of dogs or from 

 books previously published, but from in- 

 quiry among the sporting friends whom, 

 as physician to the Queen, he met at the 

 court of Elizabeth, and of whom one was 

 certainly Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 

 an authority of some significance, since he 

 was the first sportsman to train setting 

 dogs in the manner generally adopted by 

 his successors and continued to the present 

 time. 



