332 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER. 



42. Twigs nearly straight; pith more or less 5-pointed, star-shaped; 

 buds and twigs not mucilaginous when chewed; fruit a large bur. 

 Chestnut (Castanea dentata) p.430 



43. Buds superposed, at least at some of the nodes; stipule-scars absent- 



older pith with reddish streaks .' 



Redbud (Cercis canadensis) p.518 



43. Buds never superposed; stipule-scars present; pith without red- 

 dish streaks 44 



44. 2-3 scales visible to a bud . 45 



44. 4 or more scales visible to a bud 46 



45. Buds stout; buds and twigs mucilaginous when chewed; lenticels 

 not horizontally elongated; fruit spherical, woody, about size of 

 pea, attached to leafy bract Linden (Tilia) p.550 



45. Buds narrower, buds and twigs not mucilaginous when chewed; 

 lenticels on stems and branches horizontally elongated; bark often 

 peeling in papery layers; fruit a winged seed-like body borne in 

 catkins Birch (Betula) 104 



46. Bud-scales 2-ranked (i.e. arranged on the bud in 2 longitudinal 

 rows); leaf-scars covered with a smooth corky layer; bundle- 

 scars typically sunken; bark ridged; catkins absent 



Elm (Ulmus) 137 



46. Bud-scales more than 2-ranked; leaf -scars not covered with 

 smooth corky layer; bundle-scars not sunken; fruit borne in cat- 

 kins 47 



47. Lenticels horizontally elongated with age; bark on young trunks 

 and branches smooth, not becoming fluted, often peeling into papery 

 layers but not flaky; fruit a flat seed-like body borne in catkins; 

 catkins generally present on tree in winter. Birch (Betula) 104 



47. Lenticels not horizontally elongated; bark flaky or fluted; bud- 

 scales 4-ranked; fruit a nutlet attached to a bract 48 



48. Bark flaky; twigs 1-2 mm. thick; buds usually 3-7 mm. long; 

 nutlet enclosed by a sac-like bract; staminate catkins generally 



abundantly present in winter 



Hop Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) p.410 



48. Bark smooth, close, sinewy-fluted; twigs about 1 mm. or less 

 thick; buds usually 2-4 mm. long; nutlet attached to flattish, 

 toothed bract; staminate catkins enclosed in enlarged scaly buds, 



therefore no catkins visible on tree in winter 



American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) p.412 



49. Buds clustered at tips of vigorous shoots; terminal bud not greatly 

 larger than others of the cluster 50 



49. Buds not clustered at tips of vigorous shoots, or if slightly clus- 

 tered, then terminal bud much larger than others of the cluster 53 



50. Bundle-scars numerous, scattered; pith regularly 5-pointed, star- 

 shaped Oak (Quercus) 109 and 120 



50. Bundle-scars 3; pith not 5-pointed, star-shaped 51 



51. Terminal bud absent, but leaving a terminal scar on twig 



Plum (Prunus) 150 



51. Terminal bud present 52 



52. Buds woolly at least at tip; collateral buds generally present 



Peach (Prunus Persica) p.512 



52. Buds smooth; collateral buds generally absent 



"Wild Red Cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica) p.500 



(See also other cherries 144.) 



53. Buds stalked 54 



53. Buds not stalked 56 



54. Buds bright yellow dotted, often superposed 



Bitternnt (Gary a cordiformis)v.40ft 



54. Buds not bright yellow dotted, not superposed 55 



55. Buds always stalked, blunt; stipule-scars present; catkins present 

 . in winter Alder (Alnus) p.42 



55. Buds, except occasionally on rapidly grown twigs, generally not 

 stalked, pointed; corky ridges generally present on branchlets; 



stipule-scars and catkins absent 



Sweet Gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua)p.480 



