DOMESTIC ANIMALS 



19 



The pharynx and gullet are much alike 

 in all farm animals. Great differences, 

 however, are observed in the stomach 

 and intestines. In ruminants the first 

 three of the four stomachs are really en- 

 largements and appendages of the gul- 

 let. The names of these stomachs in 

 order are (1) rumen or paunch, 

 reticulum, (3) omasum, (4) abomasum. 

 The last is the true digestive stomach, 

 the other stomachs being reservoirs or 

 concerned in preparing food for diges- 

 tion. (See colored plates showing inter- 

 nal organs.) 



Likewise in the dog and horse the 

 anterior end of the stomach is essentially 

 a gullet enlargement or fore stomach. 



in geese. The digestive stomach of most 

 birds is relatively small, while the 

 gizzard is larger and furnished with a 

 thick muscular wall 



The blood system consists of a heart 

 and blood vessels, arteries carrying blood 

 from the heart, and veins back to the 

 heart. The arteries are connected with 

 the veins by means of minute capilla- 

 The arteries may be distinguished 

 from the veins by their thicker, more 

 elastic coats and by the fact that the 

 pulse can be felt in them. With the 

 blood system is intimately connected the 

 lymphatic system, which consists of 

 tubes and glands through which fluids 

 circulate and finally enter the blood 



Fig. 12 — TYPE OF A HIGHLY DEVELOPED HOLSTEDJ-FEEESIAN COW 



(Kathereen Beets and her three-hour old calf. Under the supervision of Cornell University, this cow 



made a seven-day milk record of 479.6 pounds; equivalent to 19.613 pounds of butter.) 



The first portion of the intestine is 

 the duodenum in which digestion is ac- 

 tive, followed by the ileum which ter- 

 minates in the cseeum or blind sac, con- 

 necting also with the colon which in 

 turn passes on into the rectum. In the 

 horse the length of the small intestines 

 is about 56 feet, of the caecum 2 1 ' 2 feet 

 and of the colon 21 feet. The impor- 

 tant digestive glands are the salivary 

 glands, liver, pancreas or stomach sweet- 

 bread and smnll glands in the walls of 

 the stomach and intestines. 



In chickens and pigeons the gullet is 

 enlarged into a crop for storing food. 

 In pigeons the crop is double while in 

 ducks it is little developed and absent 



through the right lymphatic vein and 

 thoracic duct near the heart. Inciden- 

 tally the lymphatic glands, situated in 

 the head, trunk, appendages and body 

 cavity, filter out the bacteria in the cir- 

 culating fluid and are therefore often 

 swollen in cases of infectious diseases 

 such as glanders, tuberculosis and lym- 

 phangitis. Three other organs should be 

 mentioned on account of their connec- 

 tion with the blood system ; viz.. spleen, 

 thymus and thyroid gland. The spleen 

 is found near or sometimes attached to, 

 the stomach. It is a rather firm organ 

 of dark red color and is concerned in the 

 manufacture of red blood corpuscles. 

 The thymus or neck sweetbread has the 



