152 



FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK 



cause only slight symptoms of disease. 

 They may be most effectively treated by 

 the use of vermifuges like areca nut. 



Lung worms — The hair lung worm is 

 found in the small air cells of the lungs 

 and causes a form of pneumonia, while 

 the thread lung worm inhabits the bron- 

 chi, causing a hacking cough commonly 

 known as verminous bronchitis. The 

 hair lung worm is so exceedingly slender 

 and long that it commonly escapes notice 

 when the lung is examined post-mortem 

 by individuals who are not acquainted 

 with its location and appearance. The 

 diagnosis of this disease cannot be made 

 with certainty until the symptoms of 

 pneumonia appear and obviously no me- 

 dicinal treatment can be given which 

 will expel the worm. The only success- 

 ful way of preventing the disease con- 

 sists in abandoning badly infested pas- 

 tures for a year, or better still, plowing 

 them up and cultivating them for years 

 before they are again used as pastures. 

 The thread lung worm (Strongylus fil- 

 aria) is somewhat larger and is the one 

 which is commonly referred to as caus- 

 ing verminous bronchitis. It may 

 readily be observed in the windpipe and 

 bronchi in animals dead of this disease 

 and occurs with about equal frequency 

 in sheep and calves. The disease is most 

 frequently observed in summer and fall 

 and begins to diminish in intensity in 

 winter. It is frequently referred to un- 

 der the name hoose. Apparently wet 

 seasons favor the development of lung 

 worms. The various lines of treatment 

 recommended for this trouble, while 

 more or less successful, are scarcely 

 capable of preventing the stunted con- 

 dition in affected lambs. Among the 

 large number of remedies recommended, 

 turpentine is perhaps the best. It may 

 be injected by means of a hypodermic 

 syringe between the rings of the wind- 

 pipe so as to pass directly into the wind- 

 pipe. The turpentine may be mixed 

 with equal parts of sweet oil to which 

 carbolic acid has been added at the rate 

 of 12 to 15 drops to a tablespoonful of 

 the mixture. Two or more injections of 

 this mixture made at intervals of a few 

 days usually give quite satisfactory re- 

 sttlts. Almost equally good results are 

 obtained by injecting into the windpipe 

 a mixture of 2 parts of olive oil and 1 

 part of turpentine in doses of 1 to 3 tea- 

 spoonfuls. Some investigators have 

 recommended that turpentine be admin- 

 istered in the form of an inhalation by 

 placing it in a bucket of boiling water 



or by pouring some on hot bricks near 

 the head of the affected sheep. Sheep 

 have also been driven into closed stables 

 and made to inhale chlorine gas, or sul- 

 phur fumes, for the purpose of induc- 

 ing a cough and thus expelling the 

 worms in the windpipe and bronchi. 

 These remedies, however, are not very 

 effective and are somewhat dangerous. 



Nodular disease — In some parts of 

 the country, particularly in the southern 

 and central states, nodules resembling 

 those of tuberculosis are found in the in- 

 testines of sheep and are due to the pres- 

 ence of a parasitic worm (Oesophagos- 

 ioma columbianum) . The disease caused 

 by this parasite cannot be diagnosed 

 with any certainty, but as a rule there is 

 a pronounced anemic condition and a 

 profuse diarrhea. In the case of death 

 of any sheep in the herd a post-mortem 

 examination of the intestines will dis- 

 close the presence of numerous nodules 

 in the intestinal walls if the worm in 

 question is present. Obviously no treat- 

 ment can be given which would affect 

 the worm when protected by the mem- 

 branes of the intestinal walls. Ac- 

 cording to recent experiments by Dal- 

 rymple, however, considerable success 

 has been had from the use of a dry lot 

 pasture for lambs. It should be remem- 

 bered that when sheep afflicted with nod- 

 dular disease of the intestines are placed 

 upon a previously healthy pasture they 

 infect this pasture very promptly. When 

 healthy lambs are allowed to graze over 

 such pastures they, in turn, become in- 

 fested, but when not given access to in- 

 fested pastures they do not contract the 

 disease. It appears from Dalrymple's 

 experiments that lambs from infected 

 mothers may be raised in a healthy con- 

 dition, provided they be kept on dry 

 lots. This system merely requires that 

 a small feed lot be thoroughly cultivated 

 and kept clear. Green feed and grain 

 may be fed and the lambs are thus pre- 

 vented from eating any vegetation which 

 might have become contaminated from 

 the feces of the infested ewes. 



DISEASES OF GOATS 



Goats are commonly believed to be 

 less susceptible to diseases than sheep. 

 This is not true, however, for all dis- 

 eases. For example, the lung and stom- 

 ach worms are a very serious source of 

 infection in goats and cause extensive 

 losses. Goats are also readily affected 

 with foot rot. With regard to stomach 

 worm it should be said that low, wet 



