FARMER'S CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK 



steamer carrying 22 or more horses, for 

 use of horses which hecome sick. When 

 horses are placed in the same compart- 

 ment with cattle, they must be separated 

 by fore-and-aft alleyways and tempo- 

 rary athwartship bulkheads. 



No animals are allowed on the poop- 

 deck or within 20 feet of the breakwater 

 on the spar deck between the 1st of Oc- 

 tober and the 1st of April. If cattle 

 or sheep are carried on the bridge deck, 

 proper runways must be provided for 

 loading and unloading. 



Specific directions are given by the 

 department as to the character of the 

 stanchions, the dimensions for head 

 boards, foot boards, division boards, 

 flooring, the fitting of the different pens, 

 character of foot locks, cattle fittings, 

 stanchions, ventilation, light, etc. Each 

 under-deck compartment of 50 feet* in 

 length must have at least four bell- 

 mouth ventilators of not less than 18 

 inches in diameter. 



Every vessel not provided with pipes 

 for watering animals must carry casks 

 and hogsheads of not less than 400 gal- 

 Ions total capacity for each 100 head of 

 cattle and horses. An additional amount 

 in equal proportions shall be carried for 

 sheep. These casks must be filled with 

 fresh water before sailing. Each vessel 

 must carry water condensers with suffi- 

 cient capacity to provide 8 gallons of 

 fresh water every 24 hours for each head 

 of cattle, in addition to the amount re- 

 quired for other animals on board and 

 for other purposes. 



Foreman and attendants — It is re- 

 quired that an experienced foreman be 

 in charge of the animals and not less 

 than two-thirds of the attendants must 

 be experienced men who have made pre- 

 vious trips. The attendants must meet 

 with the approval of the inspector of 

 the port, must be ablebodied and speak 

 English sufficiently to make themselves 

 understood. 



There must be an attendant to each 35 

 head of cattle upon steamers having 

 waterpipes extending the entire lengths 

 of both sides of the compartment and 

 when steamers are not thus fitted up, 

 there must be one attendant to every 25 

 head of cattle shipped. In the case of 

 sheep, there must be one man in care of 

 each 150 head during the winter season, 

 October to April, and one to 200 sheep 

 during the summer. For horses, one 

 man to every 22 head. Vessels are not 

 permitted to take on board any cattle or 



sheep unless such animals have been 

 allowed at least 12 hours' actual rest at 

 the port of embarkation before the vessel 

 sails, nor until the loading of ine other 

 cargo has been completed. 



Inspection and tagging — It is required 

 that all animals remain a sufficient 

 length of time in the stable or yards 

 during daylight for the inspection and 

 tagging. Horse's that have been shipped 

 500 miles cannot be taken on board un- 

 less they have been allowed at least 18 

 hours' actual rest in the stable. When 

 shipped less than 500 miles, they are 

 requested to remain in the yards or 

 stables not less than six hours. In any 

 case, they must not be taken upon the 

 steamer until the loading of the other 

 cargo has been completed. 



It is the business of the inspector or 

 his deputies to supervise the loading of 

 the animals and see that they are prop- 

 erly stowed and tied, that a sufficient 

 amount of good wholesome food is prop- 

 erly stowed and that all the require- 

 ments of the departments' regulations 

 have been complied with. 



Animals suffering from broken limbs, 

 or other serious injuries during the voy- 

 age are slaughtered under the direction 

 of the captain of the vessel. 



Stock on shipboard does not require 

 a great deal of attention outside of feed- 

 ing, watering and bedding. There is 

 but little distress from seasickness and 

 this soon disappears. Horses are the 

 most difficult to handle satisfactorily, as 

 they catch cold more easily and fre- 

 quently have fever. It is advisable that 

 only experienced attendants be in charge 

 of horses. 



The stalls are not cleaned until the 

 end of the journey, when the whole ves- 

 sel is cleaned and thoroughly disin- 

 fected. 



The charge for shipping cattle varies 

 from $6 to $20 a head. A good steer, 

 which frequently brings $60 in Chicago, 

 will bring $90 to $100 in England. The 

 transportation cost for horses varies 

 from $20 to $25. Transportation charges 

 for pure bred stock from Europe to 

 the United States are somewhat higher 

 than the figures here given. 



Loss in shrinkage — Plumb states that 

 the loss from shrinkage between Chicago 

 and English ports is generally estimated 

 at 65 pounds a head for cattle. Twenty- 

 five years ago, it is estimated that from 

 5 to 10 per cent of the real value of cat- 

 tle was lost by shrinkage in weight, by 



