ANIMAL PRODUCTS 



257 



cased and boiled for five minutes. Nu- 

 merous other formulas for the manufac- 

 ture of meat products at home may be 

 found in recipe books. 



Fig. 1S3 — REMOVING ENTRAILS OF SHEEP 



TANNING HIDES 



The manufacture of leather is a sub- 

 ject which may be briefly considered in 

 this connection. Heavy cow hides are 

 used in making sole, belt and harness 

 leather and for similar purposes; calf 

 skins for the upper leather of boots and 

 shoes, book binding, etc; sheep skins for 

 book binding, bellows, whips, aprons, 

 light shoes, seat covers, morocco, etc ; 

 goat skins for gloves, morocco, grain 

 leather, etc; horse hides as substitutes 

 for cow hides; pig skins for saddle 

 leather, etc; traveling bags, etc; dog 

 skins for gloves and various purposes. 



Sheep skins ma y be quite easily cured 

 by the tawing process. The skins are 

 soaked in cold water for two or three 

 days, then placed in a bath of milk of 

 lime for one-third day, after which the 

 wool readily slips from the skin. The 

 skins are then soaked again and beaten, 



after which the tawing paste is rubbed 

 or tramped in. This paste consists of 

 three parts salt, 11 parts alum and 29 

 parts wheat flour in boiling water. 

 Calves' brains may also be rubbed into 

 the leather to render it flexible and of 

 soft texture. Rawhide is one of the 

 most useful articles about the ■ home. 

 It may be prepared from cow, horse or 

 dog skin by removing the hair in milk 

 of lime or ashes, stretching the skin on 

 the ground for scraping off the flesh and 

 epidermis, and rubbing repeatedly with 

 fish oil, tallow or other animal oil. 



Hides for rugs—Hides may be tanned 

 with the hair on by placing them for 

 one-half to two hours in a solution of 

 3 pounds carbonate of soda, 3 ounces 

 nitrate of potash, 3 ounces common salt, 

 3 ounces prussiate of potash, 3 ounce? 

 sugar of lead and 3 ounces of copperas 

 in 9 gallons of water. The hide is re- 

 moved carefully, rinsed in cold water, 

 and the flesh side softened by repeated 



Fig. 184 — MUTTON DRESSED WITH 



BACK-SET AND CAUL 

 (Photo by courtesy Ohio Experiment Station) 



treatment with a mixture of 1 gallon 

 soft soap, 1 quart fish oil, 1 ounce borax, 

 4 ounces salt, 4 ounces alcohol and 2 



