DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASE 93 



the respiration as it should be? Count the num- 

 ber a minute that you may know if the number 

 is more or less, or is as it should be. On listening 

 to the lungs, heart, and blood vessels, certain 

 sounds are heard which change with disease — 

 normal and heart murmurs. Whether or not an 

 organ contains air can be determined by percus- 

 sion, since solid organs, the lungs, for instance, in 

 pneumonia, give a dififerent sound from those con- 

 taining air as they are normally. Air-containing 

 organs — lungs and intestines — may thus be dis- 

 tinguished from the solid ones adjoining them. In 

 this way their varying size in health and disease 

 may be determined. 



Your examination should go further and include 

 the natural discharges — the dung, the urine, the 

 nose moisture and the " look of the eye." In cases 

 of fever the urine is scanty and deeply colored. In 

 Texas fever, for instance, the urine is dark red. 

 In azoturia in horses, it varies from a light color 

 to a deep brown or black. The nature of the dung 

 should be observed, if watery or dry, soft or hard, 

 scanty or profuse. 



Taking the Pulse.—Stand at the left side of the 

 horse and run the finger along the lower jaw until 

 you come to the point where the artery crosses the 

 jaw on its lower edge. This will be found about two 

 inches forward from its angle. Right here is the large 

 muscle and at the front edge the pulsations may be 

 caught. To get the pulse of the cow, stand at the 

 left side, reach over the neck and take it from the 

 right jaw. 



In the horse the normal pulse beats are from 

 35 to 40 per minute and may go to lOO in disease. 

 In the cow the pulsations run from 45 to 50 in 

 health. The pulse relates its story very accurately 



