THE IBEIGATION AGE. 



f his i$ the Book fat till 

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niurr 



GROWING 



DOLT 



.BOOK FOR 

 \I-CBNT 



It tells how the veteran editor 

 of Green's Fruit Grower, who i 

 . was first a banker, succeeded in 

 J Fruit Growing. It gives In detail, 

 I step by step, his thirty years sue- i 

 I cess in growing strawberries, rasp- 

 J berries, blackberries, grapes, ap- 

 I pies, peaches, pears and cherries. 

 I He tells how to propagate fruit and , 

 t snows beginners how to start 



This "BooK.it Free 



aljo a copy of Green's Fruit I 

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Boi 43. 

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The P. L. Abbey Co., Kalamazoo. Mich. 



The Underflow 



BY L. G. CARPENTER. 



[Professor of Civil and Irrigation Engi- 

 neering, State Agricultural College, 

 Fort Collins, Colorado.] 



A great deal has been said about the 

 "underflow," and the term is so subject 

 to misconception that I dislike to use it. 

 It is used to convey the idea of a great 

 and progressive movement of water, per- 

 haps from the mountains, extending 

 across a great extent of country. One 

 would suppose that there is an extensive 

 underground stream flowing at the pace 

 of a river. These conceptions are all 

 wrong. There may be a movement of 

 water, but it is no different from the 

 underground movement occurring every- 

 where, and to a greater extent in the 

 East, for there in the more humid cli- 

 mate there is more water in excess of 

 evaporation to contribute to the ground 

 water. If the great slowness of the 

 movement of this underground water is 

 realized, then the term is not so objec- 

 tionable. Water will flow through all 

 soils, but slower as the soil is fine. In a 

 moderate clay the speed may be but a 

 few inches per day; in sand it is not 

 apt to exceed ten feet a day, or consid- 



erably less than a mile a year. The sand 

 of the Arkansas and the Platte valleys 

 rarely furnishes a velocity much greater 

 than this. If the surface of the under- 

 ground water is traced it will be found 

 to be of much the same contour as the 

 surface low where the ground descends 

 and higher on the hills. This is because 

 the ground water is nearly all of local 

 origin. The ground water slopes as the 

 surface does. Even in the sandy streams 

 which seem to lose their water it is 

 found that the level of the ground water 

 is higher than the water of the stream, 

 unless at floods. In the case of hundreds 

 of miles of levels run across and in the 

 vicinity of the Arkansas river, in con- 

 nection with the defense of the Kansas- 

 Colorado suit, this was invariably found 

 to be the case, and so in other streams. 

 There is an underflow in the sense that 

 there may be a flow underground and 

 that it goes down hill. But that there is 

 a general underground movement over 

 large areas and from great distances is a 

 mistake. The people in eastern Colo- 

 rado and in Kansas often delude them- 

 selves with the notion that their good 

 water comes from the mountains. Usu- 

 ally the source is near by. A stretch of 

 sandhills is one of the best of gathering 

 areas, because practically all the water 

 which falls on them soaks in and reaches 

 the ground water, and loses little by 

 evaporation. Because underground water 

 moves slowly the amount of water is 

 often overestimated. 



Horticulture 



Dwarf Apples. 



BY W. PADDOCK. 



[Professo/r of (Horticulture, Colorado 

 Agriculture College, Fort Collins.] 



Unlike the dwarf pear, which is bud- 

 ded or graftejf upon quince stock, the 

 apple, when grown as a dwarf, is worked 

 upon dwarf forms of the same species. 

 Dwarf and many other curious forms of 

 any plant may appear where many seed- 

 lings are grown. The dwarf or bush 

 lima bean may be mentioned as an exam- 

 ple. The bloomless or seedless apple, of 

 which so much has been said of late, has 

 appeared at many places, both in the 

 United States and in Europe, as is 

 shown by the literature of horiculture. 



There are two types of these dwarf 

 apples which are used for stocks, known 

 as the Paradise and the Doucin. The 

 exact origin of the Paradise apple is not 

 known, as several ancient writers de- 

 scribe different apples under this name, 

 or the apple of Adam. One writer de- 

 scribes a variety as the true Paradise in 

 which the bite of Adam and Eve can be 

 seen. This notion probably comes from 

 a peculiar blush on one side of the fruit. 

 It is evident then that the name has been 

 applied to many different forms, all of 

 which make a tree of about the same 

 height, ranging from six to eight feet. 



The origin of the Doucin is more cer- 

 tain. It appears to have originated in 

 Italy and was first brought to notice 

 probably in the sixteenth century. This 



makes a larger tree than the Paradise 

 being about midway between the lattei 

 and a standard tree. For this reason th< 

 Doucin has not been much used as '<. 

 stock. Nearly all the dwarf apple tree: 

 in this country are propagated on th< 

 Paradise stock. 



Most of the stock is grown in France 

 where our nurserymen procure their sup 

 plies. The stocks are commonly growl 

 by mound layering; that is, an estab 

 lished tree is cut off to within a fev 

 inches of the ground and the stub is cov 

 ered with earth. Numerous suckers an 

 thrown out, which take root in thi 

 mound of earth. When well rooted the; 

 are taken up and set in nursery rows. 



The pruning of dwarf trees must bi 

 more severe than that of standards i 

 they are to be kept small. This will alsi 

 result in more bearing surface and th< 

 fruit buds will be more evenly distrib 

 uted over the entire tree rather than a 

 the top. 



The cultural requirements are th' 

 same as for standard trees. 



In planting, dwarf apple trees shouli 

 be set about ten feet apart each way 



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 relieves the congestion and breaks 

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Twelve to twenty-four hours' time 

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B. C. Rice, Farminfrton, Conn., Bays: 



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OITR HUSBANDS MFG. CO.. 

 710Chapel8t.. Lyndon, Vt. 



