THE IRRIGATION AGE. 



123 



though they are sometimes put closer 

 together. 



Commercially such trees have not as 

 yet proved successful and there are com- 

 paratively few of them grown. But since 

 thorough spraying has become so essen- 

 tial in many parts of the country, if 

 trees are to be grown at all, much inter- 

 est is being taken in this phase of or- 

 charding. The State Experiment Station 

 of New York has several experimental 

 orchards of dwarf apple trees located in 

 different sections of that state. The 

 chief object of these trials is to deter- 

 mine the commercial value of such trees. 

 The general trend of opinion as gleaned 

 from Cornell bulletin No. 116 is that 

 dwarf apple trees have not been suffi- 

 ciently tried to prove their worth, but it 

 is not to be supposed that they will pro- 

 duce as many bushels per acre as stand- 

 ards. However, the occasion may arise 

 when their use would be extremely de- 

 sirable. Then, for people who have small 

 space to devote to fruit growing, dwarf 

 trees could be grown to advantage where 

 standards might be impossible. 



Dwarf Pears. 



BY W. PADDOCK. 



[Professor of Botany and Horticulture. 

 State Agriculture College, Fort Col- 

 lins, Colorado.] 



Since the advent of the San Jose scale 

 much interest has been taken in dwarf 

 fruits, particularly in the East, the rea- 

 son being that with small trees this most 

 serious of orchard pests may be more 

 easily combatted. Then, dwarfing in- 

 duces early bearing, and with pears in 

 particular extra size and quality are se- 

 cured because of the greater ease with 

 which small trees may be pruned, 

 thinned and sprayed. 



Dwarf pear trees, however, have been 

 in much favor with eastern orchardists 

 for many years, and many large and 

 profitable orchards are of this kind. 

 Some of them are profitable and the 

 trees are in good condition after having 

 been planted fifty years. This does not 

 bear out the common notion that dwarf 

 trees are short lived. 



There is no mystery connected with 

 the dwarfing of trees. Cions of standard 

 varieties are grafted or budded on small 

 growing species within the family, or 

 upon dwarf forms of the same species. 

 In_the case of pears the stock used is the 

 quince. The quince is slow growing and 

 seldom attains a height of more than 

 twelve feet, usually less. Some varieties 

 of pears will not unite with the quince, 

 so what is known as "double working" 

 is resorted to. This consists first in graft- 

 ing a pear variety which is known to 

 unite with the quince, such as the Vicar ; 

 then, when this has attained sufficient 

 size, again grafting to the desired kind. 



Dwarf pears should be planted deeper 

 than standards ; the union of cion and 

 stock should be at least four inches be- 

 low the surface of the ground. This is 

 largely for the purpose of protecting the 

 trees from breaking,' as the union be- 

 tween stock and cion is never too per- 

 fect. Some think it an advantage to 

 have the pear cion take root, as this 

 results in a stronger tree. While this is 



true, it has the disadvantage of requiring 

 more vigorous pruning of the top in or- 

 der to prevent the tree from becoming 

 too tall. In some instances it is desir- 

 able to prune the roots as well, but this 

 is not a difficult matter, since they are 

 formed so near the surface of the 

 ground. 



Dwarf pears should not be allowed to 

 attain a height greater than twelve feet, 

 else the end sought in planting them will 

 be defeated. Severe pruning must usu- 

 ally be practiced, often as much as one- 

 half to two-thirds of a season's growth 

 must be removed, especially during the 

 early life of the tree. By careful train- 

 ing the top may be spread so that a com- 

 paratively large amount of bearing sur- 

 face is secured. Dwarf pear trees are 



often planted as close as ten feet apart 

 each way, making 435 trees to the acre. 

 At this distance the trees will be too 

 close together ; fifteen feet each way, or 

 193 trees to the acre, would no doubt be 

 preferable. 



The culture of dwarf pears does not 

 differ from that of standards, but it is 

 usually thought that the quince stock 

 will thrive better in heavy soils. 



Any variety of pear may be dwarfed; 

 the kinds most commonly propagated in 

 this way are, first of all, the "'Anjou- 

 leme." This variety takes first rank, no 

 doubt because of the large size of the 

 fruits when well grown. Other popular 

 kinds are the "Louise," "Anjou," "Clair- 

 geau" and, to a certain extent, the "Bart- 

 let" and the "Seckel." 



YOU CAN IRRIGATE. 



YOUR UP-LANDS WITH AN 



NO need to go up stream and And the cost of running is always 



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Place one of the powerful I. H. C. 1 many cases, an I. H. C. engine 

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These engines are the best means s P rin g- 



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wantit-in the ditch' or in laterL. pl h c L watS ?.$ 



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