THE IRKIGATION AGE. 



943 



Harrowing Beets. 



Some practice harrowing to break the crust. This should 

 never be done lengthwise of the row, for the harrow tooth 

 getting in the row will drag out the beets for several feet. 

 Harrowing is a bad practice; it injures the stand and kills 

 beets in many places where it is desirable that they should 

 grow. Don't harrow your beets, use the cultivator. 

 (To Be Continued.) 



PROPOSED REORGANIZATION OF THE BIG LOST 

 RIVER IRRIGATION COMPANY IN IDAHO. 



Harrison B. Riley, president of the Chicago Title & Trust 

 Company, recently left Chicago for Boise City, Idaho, where 

 he will confer with the Idaho State Land Board regarding 

 the board's policy in the problem of reorganizing the Big 

 Lost River Irrigation Company. This company defaulted 

 in its bond interest payments early this year, following diffi- 

 culties which appeared last year. 



Mr. Riley goes west in the capacity of ohairman of the 

 bondholders' committee. His mission is to effect a reorganiza- 

 tion if possible, and it was said at his office that the reor- 

 ganization no doubt would be brought about soon after his 

 return to Chicago. This appears not unlikely inasmuch as 

 several of the banks here have recently reported a substan- 

 tial awakening of favorable interest in irrigation securities, 

 resulting in the placing recently of several large issues. 



SOME SEED GRAIN SUGGESTIONS. 



Have you any choice seed grain for sale, or will you 

 need seed? 



If you have any good seed grain, you should send 

 a sample to your state experiment station, stating how 

 much you have and the price you want for it. Your name 

 will be listed and sent to those who ask for good seed. 



If you need good seed, the state experiment station 

 will tell you where to get it and what it will cost. 



If you produce your own seed grain, it is important 

 to select it early out of the best part of the crop and 

 take good care of it. 



You should never fail to use a good fanning mill, 

 selecting only the heaviest and plumpest kernels of good 

 body for sowing, and avoid planting shriveled and dwarfed 

 kernels. Wheat, oats, barley and rye seed may be best 

 prepared by fanning mills, which separate by size and by 

 weight, by means of screens and wind blast. A good 

 fanning mill, properly used, will more than pay for itself 

 in a single season. 



If your seed appears to be mixed or falling off in 

 yield, it will pay you to get pure bred seed of the best 

 strain adapted to your soil and climate. If you have any 

 doubt as to what varieties to plant, write the state ex- 

 periment station and ask them which will do best in your 

 soil and climate. 



Are you testing your seed for germinating qualities? 

 It is a simple matter, and the State Experiment Station 

 will send you full directions for doing it at home. 



Do not waste your time in sowing new varieties 

 (except on a small tract as an experiment) unless your 

 State Experiment Station recommends them. You can- 

 not afford to take the chances. Let the Experiment 

 Station do the testing of new varieties and learn the re- 

 sults from them. 



Whenever smut appears, treat the seed grain with 

 formalin solution. Get the formula and method from 

 the State Experiment Station. The treatment is very 

 simple and effective. 



By attention to these rules, you can increase your 

 crop from 4 to 10 bushels per acre, with very little extra 

 expense. Additional attention to cultural methods and 

 soil fertilization will add further to the profits. 



A corporation, known as the Lund & Preston Reser- 

 voir Company was recently organized and articles of in- 

 corporation filed. The company is capitalized at $50,000. 

 The seat of operations will be White Pine County, 

 Nevada. The officers and directors are A. R. White- 

 head, of Lund, president; Christian Jensen, of Ely, vice- 

 president; Henry Behrmann, of Preston, secretary; 

 Robert Ried, of Lund, treasurer; Edward D. Funk, of 

 Preston; William A. Vance, of Lund, and Dan T. Nicholas, 

 of Preston, directors. 



THE PRIMER OF HYDRAULICS* 



By FREDERICK A. SMITH, C. E. 



Fig. 55 



Article VII. The Principles of Mechanical Forces. 



1. General Principles. 



Any cause which produces motion or changes motion is 

 called a force. A force which acts for only one instance is 

 called an impulsive force and produces uniform rectilinear 

 motion : and a force acting constantly like the force of 

 gravity is called an incessant force and produces accelerated 

 or retarded motion. The principal features of mechanical 

 laws are expressed by Newton as follows : "Every body 

 continues in its state of rest or motion in a straight line 

 unless acted upon by some external force." 



"Every motion or change of motion is in the direction of 

 the force acting and proportional thereto." 



"To every action there is always an equal and opposite 

 reaction." 



Forces are represented by straight lines, the length of 

 which indicates its magnitude, the direction of which gives 

 the direction of the force by the arrowhead. Thus in Fig. 55 

 A B represents a certain force acting upon 

 the point A in the direction A B and with 

 a strength proportionate to the length A B. 

 If another force A C acts upon the point 

 A in the direction A C and with a strength 

 proportionate to its length ; thus if A B is 

 3 Force Units and A C is 4 Force Units 

 then the relation of the forces is fixed. 



Forces are usually measured by the 

 pound which is the pressure exerted by the 

 mass of a substance weighing a pound. 

 Other units are used, such as the gram, or kilogram, but in 

 the United States the pound as a weight unit and the foot as 

 a lineal unit are stjll used almost exclusively. 



2. The Parallelogram of Farces. 



If two forces A B and A C act upon the point A under 

 a certain angle then the point A cannot follow either of the 



two forces but will travel 

 along a line AD which is the 

 diagonal of a parallelogram 

 formed about the two forces. 

 The action of the two forces 

 is then exactly the same as if 

 a force AD alone was acting 

 upon point A; such a force 

 AD is called the resultant 

 and AB and AC are called 

 components and the arrange- 

 ment is called the parallelo- 

 gram of forces. This prin- 

 ciple is used to find the re- 

 sultant for any number of 

 forces acting on the same 

 point ; 'when there are more than two forces it is called 

 he polygon of forces. 



One way of combining different forces acting on the 

 same point A is shown in Fig. 57 where two rectangular 



axes AX and AY are 

 drawn through the point A ; 

 given the forces P, Q, S 

 and T and the angles a . B, v 

 and 8; by dropping perpen- 

 diculars from the ends of 

 the forces to the X and Y 

 axis each of the four given 

 forces is decomposed into 

 two forces acting rectangu- 

 larly with each other; thus 

 instead of P we have P' 

 = P cos a and P" P 

 sin a I instead of Q we have 

 0' = Q sin B and Q" = Q 

 cos B instead of S where S' 

 = 5" cos y and S" = S sin 



Fig. 56 



Fig. 57 



*Copyright by D. H. Anderson 



