1020 



THE IEEIGATION AGE. 



Continue by adding for each inch 



1.15 0.82 4.62 3.27 10.39 7.36 



The flow in pipes of diameters not given in the table can 

 easily be obtained in the f ollowng manner : 



For J^-inch pipe, multiply discharge of 1-inch pipe by 0.25 



For $4-inch pipe, multiply discharge of 1-inch pipe by 0.56 



For 1 ^4-inch pipe, multiply discharge of 1-inch pipe by 1.56 



For IJ-i-inch pipt, multiply discharge of 1-inch pipe by 2.25 



For 3-inch pipe, multiply discharge of 2-inch pipe by 2.25 



For 4-inch pipe, multiply discharge of 2-inch pipe by 4.00 



For 4J^-inch pipe, multiply discharge of 2-inch pipe by 5.06 



For 5-inch pipe multiply discharge of 2-inch pipe by 6.25 



For 6-inch pipe, multiply discharge of 2-inch pipe by 9.00 



For 8-inch pipe, multiply discharge of 2-inch pipe by 16.00 



TABLE 3. For estimating the discharge from partly filled hori- 

 zontal or sloping pipes. 



Fractional part Fractional part 



of diameter of Discharge ex- of diameter of Discharge ex- 

 pipe not occu- pressed as per- pipe not occu- pressed as per- 

 pied by water. centage of dis- pied by water. centage of dis- 

 [Obtained by charge from [Obtained by charge from 

 dividing A D full pipe, same dividing A D full pipe, same 

 by A Bin fig. 1] size. by A Bin fig. 1.] size. 



0.05 0.98 0.55 0.44 



.10 .95 .60 .37 



.15 .91 .65 .31 



.20 .86 .70 .25 



.25 .80 .75 .20 



.30 .75 .80 .14 



.35 69 .85 .093 



.40 .63 .90 .054 



.45 .55 .95 .015 



.50 .50 1.00 .000 



DRY FARMING IN NEW MEXICO AND TEXAS. 



Rain has fallen again over the great upland country 

 of western Texas and eastern New Mexico and after two 

 years of the most persistent drougth even the semi-arid 

 southwest has ever known. Streams are flooding; arro- 

 yas and creeks that have been dry for many months are 

 running bank full; the water holes are filled again and the 

 whole region is soaked from the staked plains to the Mex- 

 ican border. The rains of the past two months have 

 demonstrated again the wonderful drouth resistance of 

 the forage plants and native growth of the far southwest. 

 Three months ago this whole great area was as dry and 

 as brown and bare of virdure as a vast sheet of wrapping 

 paper. Now, as far as the eye can see it is carpeted with 

 grass and flowers and dotted here and there with grow- 

 ing crops. The cattle and sheep growers who have suf- 

 fered heavy losses during the past two years, are only less 

 jubilant than the thousands of homeseekers and dry farm- 

 ers who have been clinging to their claims with that mar- 

 velous persistence characteristic of the American pioneer. 

 The same indomitable spirit has been manifest in New 

 Mexico during this trying period as was shown during 

 the dark days of western Kansas, and which finally trans- 

 formed western Kansas from a desert into a thickly popu- 

 lated farming country. 



The dry farming regions of west Texas and New 

 Mexico, in fact, are just now going through the same 

 transition period as occurred in Kansas, save for the 

 fact that the disastrous land boom and the subsequent 

 slump which occurred in Kansas, have been lacking in 

 the new drying farming country. It is apparent that in 

 west Texas and New Mexico dry farming has come to 

 stay. 



. Six years ago a small colony of men, whose friends 

 considered them crazy, undertook to farm without irri- 

 gation in the country around Portales, New Mexico, near 

 the Texas border. No one had ever tried to farm any of 



this land before, but these men reasoned that if native 

 grass would grow knee-high, other forage crops would 

 flourish. They tried it and were astonished at the results 

 obtained. Huge yields were had of milo-maize, kaffir corn 

 and other forage crops. Irish potatoes flourished; their 

 truck patches did well and they even secured half a bale 

 of cotton to the acre. The news spread like wild fire and 

 the next year an army of homeseekers marched into New 

 Mexico. In four years, without advertising or land boom- 

 ing and in the face of' persistent prophesies of disaster, 

 40,000 homestead entries were made, covering over eight 

 million acres of land. The rainfall continued abundant 

 and the homeseekers, entirely ignorant of dry farming 

 methods, of soil preparation, grew their crops as they 

 had done in the rain belt. 



Then the long predicted drought came. It found a 

 great majority of the homesteaders without any knowl- 

 edge of how to conserve the moisture in the soil and their 

 crops burned up or failed to germinate. This condition 

 continued for two seasons. Many of the homesteaders 

 were forced to give up and leave the country, but the 

 large majority, with the persistence of the true pioneer, 

 stuck to their claims and began to learn the scientific 

 methods of moisture conservation known as dry farming. 

 In this they were assisted by experts put in the field by 

 New Mexico and by the various railroads, which placed 

 trained men in the field whose sole duty it was to teach 

 the homesteaders what to plant and when and how to 

 plant it. 



The result of two years of study and experiment are 

 apparent this season over the whole southwesern dry- 

 farming region. During the period of drouth the word 

 went out over the country that dry farming in the south- 

 west had failed; just as during the dark days in Kansas, 

 the news went out that western Kansas was an unre- 

 deemable desert. Yet during the worst of the drouth 

 the dry farming towns continued to grow and new settlers 

 continued to come in. The new men came with enough 

 money to tide them over a bad season. They were sup- 

 plied with bundles of books and pamphlets telling them 

 how to farm the land, and the result of the campaign of 

 education was that even in the season of 1910 when the 

 rainfall reached its minimum, the men who followed dry 

 farming principles succeeded with their crops. 



In order to determine the exact status of the dry 

 farming industry the New Mexico Bureau of Immigration 

 at Albuquerque, with the assistance of a corps of ex- 

 perts, recently made a dry farming census. This census 

 shows that there are at present 718,000 acres actually 

 under cultivation in New Mexico by dry farming methods, 

 and the conclusion of the experts is that there are 17,- 

 300,000 acres in 23 of New Mexico's 26 counties over which 

 the rainfall at normal is sufficient for successful dry farm- 

 ing. These men predict that the time will come when this 

 whole great area will be under cultivation without irriga- 

 tion. The bulk of this acreage, where dry farming is 

 practical, is public domain, open to entry under the 

 United States land laws. New Mexico has made no effort 

 to encourage immigration into the dry farming districts, 

 prefering to wait until dry farming methods and results 

 had been more thoroughly demonstrated. That the sys- 

 tem has survived the past two years of extreme drouth 

 and survived with nearly three-quarters of a million 

 acres remaining in cultivation, is sufficient proof that 

 much of the so-called southwestern desert is not a desert; 

 that dry farming has come to stay and that it will be the 

 means of furnishing homes to many thousands of the 

 land hungry. 



The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the 

 Reclamation Service to establish at an early date the 

 farm units for the Grand Valley Irrigation project in 

 Utah. The total irrigable area in this project is 50,000 

 acres, of which about 10,000 acres are public land with- 

 drawn from entry. 19,000 acres are land entered under 

 the reclamation act, making a total of about 30,000 acres 

 subject to this act. There are also about 20,000 acres of 

 private lands, of which 15,000 acres are pledged to this 

 project. The work of establishing these farm units will 

 be attended with considerable difficulty, owing to the 

 variation in the soil and climatic conditions. 



