142 



THE IRRIGATION AGE. 



h = head in feet, 

 d = diameter of pipe and 

 j = sine of slope, 

 then i = h -r- 1, 



hence s = 2. 3 !/>-=- /. 



As the pipes are constantly filled, R = d/4. If we trans- 

 form the fundamental formula 



v=C\/Rs~ 

 by substituting above values for R and .s we obtain : 



V C V rf/4 X 2.31/> -r- /. 

 V = C y 2.31/><f -r- 4/. 

 Simplifying we obtain : . 

 C 



v = y 2.3i/>d -=- /. (i) 



2 



From this formula we can develop any one factor when 

 all the others are known, thus we can find the pressure p nec- 

 essary to produce a certain velocity : 



also find the diameter of a pipe to produce a given velocity 

 tinder a given pressure and for a given length of pipe : 



d = 4 lv' -:- 2.3C"p; (3) 



also find the length / when all the other factors are given : 



/ = 2.3 C'dp -=- 4^ J . (4) 



and lastly the constant C may be determined if all other 

 factors are known : 



C y4/z> 2 -=- 2.3/>rf. (5) 



These formulas are very simple and extremely useful in 

 determining the different requirements of hydraulic problems. 



h 



Since h = 2.31/>, then p = or p = .433/1. 



2'.31 



This shows that the head under which a certain pipe is 

 flowing can be reduced to pressure in pounds per square inch 

 by multiplying the head in feet by the constant .433. 



Thus the pressure in a pipe, in which the water is flowing 

 under a head of 10 ft. would amount to 10 X .433 = 4.33 Ibs. 

 per square inch. 



KANSAS IRRIGATION STATISTICS. 



This is a preliminary comparative summary submitted 

 by Dr. Le Grand Powers, chief statistician of the division 

 of agriculture in the Bureau of the Census, under whose 

 .supervision it was prepared by R. P. Teele, special agent 

 in charge of irrigation. This summary shows for both 

 1E09 and 1899 the number of farms irrigated, the acreaage 

 irrigated, the length of main ditches, the total cost of ir- 

 rigation systems, and the average cost per acre irrigated. 

 It shows also, for the year 1909, the acreage which exist- 

 ing enterprises are capable of supplying, the acreage in- 

 cluded in existing projects, the number of independent 

 enterprises, the length of lateral ditches, number of reser- 

 voirs, capacity of reservoirs, number of flowing wells, 

 number of wells pumped for irrigation, the number of 

 pumping plants, engine capacity of pumping plants, acre- 

 age irrigated with pumped water, and the average annual 

 cost of maintenance and operation. The acreage irrigated 

 is classified bv the type of enterprise supplying water 

 and by the source of water supply. 



It should be noted that the figures are subject to re- 

 vision, after more complete tabulation, but it is not ex- 

 pected that there will be any material modification of the 

 totals or percentages reported. 



The total number of farms irrigated in 1909 was 1,006, 

 against 929 in 1899, an increase of 77, or 8.3 per cent. 

 Within the same period the number of farms in the 

 state increased but 2.4 per cent. The per cent of the 

 whole number of farms irrigated in 1909 was 0.6 and in 

 1899 it was 0.5, showing that in neither year was irri- 

 gation an important factor in Kansas agriculture. 



The total acreage irrigated in 1909 was 37,479 acres, 

 against 23,620 acres in 1899, an increase of 13,859, or 58.7 

 per cent. During the same period the improved land in 

 farms increased but 19.2 per cent. The irrigated area 

 extended more rapidly than the improved area, although 

 the percentage of the improved land irrigated is so sm,all 

 at both census periods that it is almost negligible. 



The total acreage which all enterprises were capable 

 of supplying with water in 1910 was 139,995 acres, an ex- 

 cess of 102,516 acres over the area irrigated in 1909, 



showing that the area irrigated can be mode than doubled 

 without the construction of new works. The acreage in- 

 cluded in projects completed or under construction in 

 1910 was 161,300 acres, an excess of 123,821 acres over 

 the area irrigated in 1909. This indicates, in a general 

 way, the area of irrigated land which will be available for 

 settlement within the next few years. 



The number of independent enterprises in 1909 was 

 7] 6, against 706 in 1899, an increase of 10, or 1.4 per cent. 

 The length of ditches reported in 1909 was 281 miles, 

 against 324 in 1899, a decrease of 43, or 13.3 per cent. 

 In Kansas many enterprises have been abandoned from 

 time to time, while new ones have been taken up. The 

 enterprises reported in 1909 are, consequently, not neces- 

 sarily the same as those reported in 1899. This accounts 

 for the decrease in length of ditches with an increase in 

 the number of independent enterprises. 



The number of reservoirs in 1909 was 42, with a com- 

 bined capacity of 31,024 acre-feet. But three flowing wells 

 used for irrigation were reported. The number of pumped 

 wells used for irrigation was 939, and the number of pump- 

 ing plants 684, Two enterprises reported central power 

 plants with large numbers of wells pumped. This ac- 

 counts for the excess in the number of wells over the 

 number of pumping plants. The engine capacity of pump- 

 ing plants, excluding windmills, was 1,112 horsepower. 

 The acreage irrigated with pumped water in 1909 was 1,979 

 acres. This does not include the acreage under the Garden 

 City project of the United States Reclamation Service, 

 v r hich received water from both the Arkansas River and 

 pumped wells. These wells were operated in 1908 and 1909, 

 but have not been used since, and this land has received 

 only river water since 1909. 



The total cost of irrigation systems to July 1, 1910. 

 was reported as $1,365,563, against $529,755 in 1899, an 

 increase of $835,808, or 157.8 per cent. The average cost 

 per acre to which enterprises were ready to supply water 

 in 1910 was $9.75. The area under ditch was not reported 

 in 1899, but the average cost per acre actually irrigated 

 in 1899 was $22.43, or $12.68 more than the average per 

 acre under ditches in 1910. Several large ditches built in 

 Kansas prior to 1899 never were used to their full capacity 

 and were largely abandoned at that time. This made 

 the average cost per acre actually irrigated much higher 

 than it would have been otherwise. 



The average annual cost per acre for operation, and 

 maintenance in 1909 was $1.59. 



The acreage irrigated in 1909 has been classified ac- 

 cording to state and federal laws under which the works 

 were built or are operated, as follows: United States Re- 

 clamation Service (act of Congress June 17, 1902) ; 6,953 

 acres, or 18.6 per cent of total; cooperative enterprises, 

 27,372 acres, or 73 per cent; individual and partnership 

 enterprises 3,154 acres, or 8.4 per cent of total. 



Streams supplied 35,489 acres, or 94.7 per cent of the 

 total acreage; wells supplied 1,961 acres, or 5.2 per cent; 

 springs supplied 27 acres, and reservoirs 2 acres. The area 

 credited to the United States Reclamation Service received 

 a partial supply of water from the Arkansas River through 

 a cooperative canal, and during the seasons of 1908 and 

 1909 an additional supply from wells operated by the 

 United States Reclamation Service. These wells have not 

 been in use since 1909, and this area now receives its entire 

 supply through the cooperative canal. This area has been 

 classified as receiving its water from streams rather 

 than from wells. 



AMERICAN DAIRY INSTITUTE. 



One of the most important educational conventions 

 held in connection with the National Dairy Show, Chicago, 

 was the American Dairy Institute. This meeting was 

 important in that a number of matters regarding the 

 growing of alfalfa, and its relation to the fertility of the 

 soil, were brought out by Dr. Cyril G. Hopkins, professor 

 of agronomy, Univrsity of Illinois, who is one of the 

 best known authorities in the country. 



The matter which is not of common knowledge was 

 brought out in the statement made by Dr. Hopkins, that 

 it is a mistaken idea that alfalfa enriches the soil. Large 

 yields require a great amount of fertility and will impover- 

 ish the soil very rapidly unless fed to live stock and 

 returned to the soil. The idea that alfalfa enriches the 



