212 



THE IRRIGATION AGE. 



five acres, if the length of the drain is not more than one 

 thousand feet. 



Under the same conditions: 



A four-inch tile will drain twelve acres. 

 A five-inch tile will drain twenty acres. 

 A six-inch tile will drain forty acres. 

 These figures refer to the main drain. The lateral 



Laterals Sliould Toin the Main Drain at an Acute Angle and With a Slightly Increased 



Grade for a Few Feet. 



feet of tile which will be required per acre, when laid in 



parallel lines: 



30 feet apart 2205 feet 



30 feet apart 1470 feet 



40 feet apart 1102 feet 



50 feet apart 880 feet 



100 feet apart 440 feet 



This does not include the intercepting 

 drain which mav be necessary in some cases 

 to complete the system. 



The tile should be well burned and hard 

 enough to give a clear ring when struck 

 with a shovel or a piece of metal. They 

 should be circular in shape and uniform in 

 size, so as to make a smooth joint. It is 

 not necessary that the tile should be por- 

 ous, since the water enters the system 

 through the space at the joints and not 

 through the walls of the tile. 



Ordinary unglazed tile when exposed to 

 the weather are chipped and injured by 

 freezing and thawing, hence the last few 

 feet of the system should be of glazed tile 

 or iron sewer pipe. The outlet should be 

 further protected from injury by imbedding 

 the last joint in a concrete wall or in stone 

 laid up in cement mortar. 



FARMERS' NATIONAL CONGRESS. 



The thirty-second annual session of the Farmers' Na- 

 tional Congress will be held in New Orleans, Louisiana, con- 

 vening November 7. New Orleans called variously the 

 Crescent City and the Queen City of the Gulf presents some 

 remarkable attractions. It is quaint and picturesque, being 

 full of points of historical importance, and its French section 



branches must be proportional to the main drain. In 

 considering this matter it must be remembered that 

 capacities of tile laid upon the same grade are to each 

 others as the squares of their diameters. For example, 

 the capacity of a two-inch tile is to the capacity of a 

 four-inch tile as four to sixteen; or, in other words, the 

 four-inch tile has four times the capacity of a two-inch. 



The depth of the drain is so intimately 

 connected with the distance between the 

 lines of tile, that it is impossible to fix on 

 the one without taking into consideration 

 the other. In general, it may be said that a 

 tile four feet deep is considered deep drain- 

 age, two and a half to three feet medium, 

 and two feet shallow drainage. Deep drain- 

 age should be practiced wherever the soil 

 conditions will permit. Many have the mis- 

 taken idea that the removal of surface 

 water is the sole object of drainage, and 

 lose sight of the benefits which deep drain- A Secti<m Th h a T i le . Drained Soil. BB, the Surface of the Ground Water Soon 

 age brings in the way ot increased depth ot After a Heavy Rain, and AA, the Position of the Ground Water Some Days Later, 

 soil Etnd deeper root penetration. 



In order to arrive at an intelligent decision as to the having the appearance of a foreign city. Yet the spirit of 

 proper depth and distance apart of tile drains, it is neces- progress pervades New Orleans. Many of its hotels and 



sary to understand the fundamental principles connected 

 with the movement of soil water, as discussed in the first 

 part of this bulletin. 



In loam soils the drains may be placed deeper and 

 farther apart than in retentive clay soils. 



In the following figure, the line BB represents the 

 position of the water table shortly after a heavy rain. If 

 the soil is fairly open, the surface of the ground water 

 will soon take the position AA. This condition will be 

 reached much sooner in an open loam soil than in a 

 retentive clay. Because of the resistance which the soil 

 offers to the movement of the water to the drains, the 

 water table in tenacious clay lands will hold the position 

 BB for some time. At a point midway between the drains 

 the water will stand near the surface if the lines of tile 

 are too far apart, and the field will be only partially 

 drained. If the drains are placed near together, the 

 water table will be lowered more rapidly at the point 

 midway between the lines of tile, and the soil will be 

 more promptly and thoroughly relieved of its surplus 

 water. 



For ordinary loam soils the drains may be one hun- 

 dred feet apart and three and one-half feet deep, but for 

 retentive clay land the depth may have to be reduced to 

 thirty inches and the distance apart to fifty feet. In case 

 of doubt as to the distance apart, it is well to provide 

 drains every one hundred feet, and if these are found 

 inadequate, additional lines may be placed midway 

 between. 



The following table gives the approximate number of 



newer buildings represent everything that is up to date, note- 

 worthy being the famous Hotel Grunewald, the Waldorf- 

 Astoria of the South. Situated at the mouth of the greatest 

 system of inland waterways in the world, it has one of the 

 most interesting harbors in the country, and is already the 

 third largest port in point of commerce in the United States. 

 The system of levees, protecting the city from the river, is 

 extremely interesting, much of the city being below the water 

 level of the river. All in all, it is one of the most inter- 

 esting places that the congress has ever visited. 



From present indications, every state will be well repre- 

 sented at this meeting. The most important business of the 

 congress is the passing of resolutions, and the leading topics 

 of special interest to the agriculture of the nation will be 

 presented for consideration. It is too early yet to announce 

 any railroad rates, but there are excursion and tourist rates 

 from northern points available every winter, and there is 

 every reason to suppose that the same will hold true this 

 year. Meanwhile efforts will be made to secure additional 

 concessions, if possible. For information as to appointments 

 as delegates, etc., address J. H. Kimble, Secretary, Port 

 Deposit, Maryland. 



SUBSCRIBE NOW! 



No one interested in Irrigation can afford to be with- 

 out THE IRRIGATION AGE: 480 pages of reading matter per 

 year for only One Dollar. 



The Primer of Hydraulics Is Now Ready 



