THE IRRIGATION AGE. 



293 



In case the stock solutions are kept for a long time and 

 considerable evaporation has resulted, the amount of water 

 evaporated from the barrels should be replaced. 



Between the two stock solution barrels on an elevated 

 platform one should have two dilution tanks. These should 

 be rather large in diameter but not very deep (about 2}4x6 

 or 7 feet) so that it will be possible to readily stir the 

 mixtures which are placed in them. Each tank should hold 

 at least 150 gallons. 



The elevated platform just mentioned should be large 

 enough to accommodate the two dilution 

 tanks, the stock solution barrels, and the_ men 

 who mix the materials. This platform should 

 be about six feet from the ground, so that 

 the bottom part of the tanks will be a trifle 

 above the solution tank of the spray machine 

 when the machine is brought alongside. A 

 trough should extend out from each dilution 

 tank and unite to form a larger one just 

 beyond the platform. In joining these troughs 

 to the dilution tanks, the plan of the valves 

 should be such as to make it possible to either 

 partially or entirely open them at the will 

 of the operator. Also, when the flow is shut 

 off, the construction should be such that no 

 leakage will result. At times considerable 

 spray material is wasted, due to leaky valves. 

 Back of the dilution tanks at the same or a 

 trifle higher elevation should be a large water 

 supply tank. A piece of 4-inch hose with a 

 stopcock should be attached to the base of 

 this tank, * so that it will be possible, when 

 desired, to quickly fill the dilution tanks with 

 water. 



In making the Bordeaux from these stock 

 solutions, one should first thoroughly stir each 

 stock solution so that the dissolved materials Flgl 

 will be uniformly distributed throughout the 

 mixtures. For making 200 gallons of spray, the usual 

 amount caried in a power sprayer, take 12 gallons from 

 each stock solution barrel, which would be the amount of 

 stock material required for the above quantity of 

 spray for the 3-3-50 strength. The copper sulphate solu- 

 tion should be placed in one dilution tank and the lime 

 water in the other. Water should then be added until there 

 is 100 gallons in each tank. The materials are then ready 

 to be run through the troughs into the spray machine. As 



(6 pounds of lead arsenate) is weighed out and thoroughly 

 mixed with water in a bucket. It is then poured through 

 the strainer as the Bordeaux is being run into the machine. 



If one uses home-boiled or self-boiled lime-sulphur in- 

 stead of Bordeaux, the general plan of the apparatus will 

 be quite similar to the Bordeaux apparatus explained above. 



For applying these spray materials to the trees, a gaso- 

 line power sprayer is the best machine to use. With a 

 power sprayer giving 140 to 180 pounds pressure a fine mist 

 spray can be attained a thing that is necessary for best 



Fig. 



Filling Fpray tank from a stream by means of a rotary pump. 



they are run out, the lime stock should be kept well 

 stirred to prevent settling. It should also pass through a 

 copper strainer that has a fine mesh, before it enters the 

 spray tank. Where an insecticide is used in the spraying, 

 the amount of the poison needed for 200 gallons of spray 



Check plat in foreground. Showing defoliated condition of trees as compared 

 with Bordeaux plats in background. (Arlington orchard.) 



results. Three leads of hose can also be attached to a 

 power sprayer, thus making the process of spraying com- 

 paratively rapid. Where three leads of hose are used, the 

 driver of the machine can handle the third lead. In order 

 that he may best reach the tops of the trees and cover with 

 spray those portions of the same that are generally missed 

 by the persons spraying from the ground, a small elevated 

 platform should be constructed above the spray tank. 



The same types of extension rods and nozzles that were 

 recommended for the small orchard sprayer 

 are equally well adapted for the power ma- 

 chine. Good strong hose is especially neces- 

 sary with the power sprayer outfit, because of 

 the high pressure to which it is subjected. 

 With such a high pressure machine it is also 

 necessary to always keep on hand plenty of 

 hose, nozzles, and fasteners in case of needed 

 repairs. 



LIME-SULPHUR AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR BORDEAUX. 



While Bordeaux is probably the best all 

 round fungicide we have at present, it has cer- 

 tain characteristics that sometimes make it un- 

 desirable. Some varieties of apples, for in- 

 stance, are russeted so badly by it that their 

 market value is materially decreased. Improp- 

 erly mxied Bordeaux or unfavorable weather 

 conditions often cause a burning of the foliage. 

 With the evidence we now have regarding 

 spray materials, it is highly probable that it is 

 necessary to abandon Bordeaux, at least for 

 certain varieties. 



It has been known for some time that cer- 

 tain mixtures of lime and sulphur possess 

 fungicidal as well as insecticidal properties. 

 Recent demonstrations have proved that the 

 lime-sulphur sprays have properties that war- 

 rant their use when winter treatments for San 

 Jose scale are needed. As a summer spray to 

 combat fungous troubles they have to be used in a more 

 cautious manner. Lime-sulphur sprays may be divided 

 into three groups: Commercial, home-made, and self- 

 boiled lime-sulphur. 



Commercial lime-sulphur as it is put on the market by 



