126 



THE IRRIGATION AGE. 



graphic engineers of the United 

 States geological survey, made a 

 detailed survey of the area known 

 as the Moses Lake quadrangle. The 

 work was done in co-operation be- 

 tween the state of Washington and 

 the federal geological survey, each 

 paying half the cost. The Moses 

 Lake map covers an area of 203 

 square miles and is published on a 

 scale of approximately one mile to 

 the inch, with a contour interval of 

 25 feet. 



Moses lake is shown in the cen- 

 tral portion of the map as a long, 

 irregular sheet of water resembling 

 one antler of an elk. This hornlike 

 form is recognized in the local 

 names, Pelican Horn, Parker Horn 

 and Lewis Horn, which have been 

 given to spurs of the main lake. 



PRESENT LAKE PART OF OLD 

 CHANNEL. 



Moses lake is believed to have 

 been at one time part of an old 

 channel of the Columbia river. Dur- 



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ing the glacial period, recent as 

 time is measured by the geologist, 

 but long before the beginning of 

 human history, the valleys of the 

 northern Cascades and of the Oka- 

 nogan highlands were filled with 

 enormous glaciers, the largest of 

 which reached the plains before 

 they were melted in the warmer air 

 of the lower country. The great- 

 est of these ice rivers of eastern 

 Washington flowed down the Oka- 

 nogan valley, which it filled to the 

 depth of hundreds of feet. 



On reaching the Columbia river 

 valley this glacier expanded and 

 seems not only to have dammed the 

 Columbia, but to have filled its great 

 canyon for some distance. The 

 southern limit of this great Oka- 

 nogan glacier is marked by a ter- 

 minal moraine many miles in width. 

 The moraine is formed of dirt and 

 rock material which was pushed 

 along in front of the advancing 

 glacier or carried on its surface 

 and stranded where the ice melted, 

 and it includes many huge blocks 

 of basalt and other rock. One enor- 

 mous piece of basalt, known as 

 Pilot Rock, which was probably 

 carried by the glacier for some dis- 

 tance, is a striking landmark that 

 can be seen for many miles. 



THROUGH GRAND COULEE. 



North of the Moses lake quad- 

 rangle is a broad canyon known as 

 the Grand Coulee, which is in real- 

 ity an old cut-off of the Columbia 

 river. When the Okanogan glacier 

 dammed the Columbia, the waters 

 of that river escaped southward by 

 way of Grand Coulee. Moses lake 

 and other nearby lakes are today 

 remnants of the old channel. For 

 a portion of the time that the great 

 river flowed through the coulees it 

 plunged into the lower canyon over 

 a precipice some 400 feet high. 



No more impressive scene can be 

 found in the Big Bend country than 

 is- presented by the great cliffs of 

 black basalt below Coulee City, over 

 which the Columbia once poured, 

 but where now desert shrubs are 

 growing silently in the ancient 

 channel. Crab Creek valley, which 

 was a portion of the old channel, is 

 plainly an ancient abandoned stream 

 course, sunken in the basalt. 



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