THE IRRIGATION AGE. 



183 



placed with one point at the zero mark, while the 

 other extends up along the bottle neck and indicates 

 the percentage of fat. The milk bottles are gradu- 

 ated so that when 17.6 c.c. (or 18 grams) of milk 

 are used the amount of fat may be read in direct 

 percentage. The graduated portion is divided into 

 ten spaces, each representing one per cent. These 

 spaces have five divisions, each representing one- 

 fifth, or two-tenths of one per cent. 



Testing cream reqires the samples to be weighed 

 instead of measured by the pipette. This is because 

 an accurate sample cannot be taken by the latter 

 method. Eighteen grams of cream are required, 

 while the 17.6 c.c. pipette holds only about 16 or 17 

 grams, depending on the richness of the cream in 

 butter fat. Cream also has a tendency to stick to 

 the sides of the pipette, which prevents an accurate 

 sample from being taken. Special balance scales 

 are best adapted for weighing cream samples. 



In taking cream samples, the same precautions 

 as in the case of milk should be taken to get a fair 

 sample. Eighteen grams of cream should be 

 weighed into each cream bottle. Usually a little 

 less than 17.5 c.c. of acid is sufficient for cream, as 

 there is less casein to dissolve. The mixture of acid 

 and cream at first should have a light chocolate 

 color, gradually changing to black as the test pro- 

 ceeds. The process of centrifuging and reading the 

 test is the same as for milk, except that the fat is 

 measured from the bottom of the fat column to the 

 lower edge of the meniscus. 



Some people prefer to use only nine grams oi 

 cream, in testing. There are special bottles made 

 for that amount. Nine grams can be tested with the 

 ordinary eighteen-gram cream bottle by simply mul- 

 tiplying the result by two to get the corrected read- 

 ing. The objection to using only nine grams of 

 cream is that in case of error the error is twice as 

 great by the nine-gram method as where eighteen 

 grams are used. 



Testing skim milk requires a special double- 

 necked bottle that will read a fat test as low as five- 

 hundredths of one per cent. Ordinary separator 

 skim milk or butter milk should contain only five to 

 ten-hundredths of one per cent of fat, which is too 

 low to be read accurately in the ordinary milk bot- 

 tle. 17.6 c.c. of skim milk should be measured with 

 the ordinary milk pipette and the side tube. As skim 

 milk contains more solids-not-fat than whole milk, 

 more than 17.6 c.c. of acid is needed; 19 to 20 c.c. is 

 the proper amount to use. It should be added in 

 two portions, shaking carefully after each addition 

 to mix thoroughly without getting any solid matter 

 into the small neck or spurting any acid on the 

 operator. In centrifuging, the whirling should be 

 continued for one or two minutes longer than in the 

 case of whole milk. Usually the graduated portion 

 of the neck is divided into five spaces, each repre- 

 senting five-hundredths of one per cent. The fat 

 columns may be raised or lowered to a position to 

 be read more easily by placing the finger over the 

 mouth of the side tube.. 



Supreme Court Decisions 



Irrigation Cases 



Send $1.00 for 1 year's subscription to the IRRIGA- 

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PRIORITY OF APPLICATION. 



Where plaintiff's original application for permis- 

 sion for a reservoir was filed under Comp. St. 1910, 

 744, providing that the party proposing to apply to 

 a beneficial use the water stored in any such reservoir 

 shall file with the State Engineer an application for 

 a permit, in compliance with the provisions of sections 

 727-737, and the Engineer, under section 731, re- 

 turned it for additional information, and a second 

 application with the additional information was sub- 

 sequently filed, the two applications are to be taken 

 as one and the applicant given all the benefit of his 

 priority under the first filing. Laughlin v. State Board 

 of Control. Supreme Court of Wyoming. 128 Pa- 

 cific 517. 

 DIVERSION DITCH. 



An appropriator of water may adopt as his ditch, 

 or a part thereof, a depression or slough, where it is 

 feasible, and thus save the cost of the construction of 

 a ditch. Bennett v. Nourse. Supreme Court of 

 Idaho. 125 Pacific 1038. 

 FLOOD WATERS. 



Flood waters which are of no substantial benefit 

 to the riparian owner or to his land, and are not used 

 by him, may be taken at will by any person who can 

 lawfully gain access to the stream, and conducted to 

 lands not riparian, and even beyond the watershed, 

 without the consent of the riparian owner and with- 

 out compensation to him. They are not a part of the 

 flow of the stream which constitutes "parcel" of his 

 land within the meaning of the law of riparian rights. 

 Gallatin v. Corning Irr. Co. Supreme Court of Cal- 

 ifornia. 126 Pacific 864. 

 RIPARIAN RIGHTS. 



Riparian lands, without reference to location on 

 the stream or to any statutory appropriation, have 

 equal rights to a reasonable use of the water, but 

 nonriparian lands acquire rights to water by statutory 

 appropriation alone, and the first appropriator in time 

 is first in right. Biggs v. Miller. Court of Civil Ap- 

 peals of Texas. 147 Southwestern 632. 

 RIGHTS OF RIPARIAN OWNER. 



A riparian owner has no right to have any par- 

 ticular amount of water flow on past his land, even 

 as against those who are diverting water to irrigate 

 nonriparian lands; his right being limited to that 

 needed to irrigate his own land. Biggs v. Lee. Court 

 of Civil Appeals of Texas. 147 Southwestern 709. 

 REQUISITES TO APPROPRIATION. 



Before the 1911 amendment (Laws 1911, c. 153, 

 16) to section 17, c. 69, Laws 1895, and under the 

 Irrigation Act of 1889 (chapter 68, Laws 1889), one 

 who has constructed a canal for the purpose of carry- 

 ing water for hire to be used upon the lands of others, 

 and is ready and willing to furnish the water to such 

 land owners as will take it, has made the only appli- 

 cation of water to a beneficial use that he can make, 

 and his right to an appropriation continues as a de- 

 veloping right until all lands along the canal for which 



