EPIPHRAGMOPHORA. 195 



figs. 79, 87, or (3) double and glandular with threadlike ducts in- 

 serted at root of dart sack, one gland bound to dart sack, one to 

 vestibule or base of penis, pi. 59, fig. 89, glands torn from their 

 attachments. The spermatheca is globose, its duct often bearing a 

 diverticulum. 



Distribution, British Columbia southward to Argentina, mainly 

 confined to the Pacific drainage, but spreading to the Gulf slope 

 in Central America. 



The genus Epiphragmophora, while allied to the Helices of Japan, 

 is distinguished from them by the non-sacculated mucus glands and 

 some shell characters. It is also allied to Cepolis, a West Indian 

 genus which is characterized by its flat, two-parted mucus gland, 

 peculiarly formed dart sack attached at apex to vagina, and ribless 

 jaw. The middle American genus Lysinoe is similar to Epiphrag- 

 mophora in features of the shell, but differs widely in the duplica- 

 tion of the dart sack (elsewhere developed only in Hygromia and 

 Helicella), in the three club-shaped mucus glands independently in- 

 serted on the vagina, and in the serrate keel of the tail. A still 

 nearer ally of Epiphragmophora is Glyptostoma, characterized by 

 the simple acute lip of the peculiar shell, and the decadence of the 

 dart sack. 



The diverticulum of the spermatheca duct is present or absent in 

 closely allied species, just as we find it in other genera. The shell 

 varies so much that no generic diagnosis can be framed from it 

 alone, which would cover all forms of Epiphragmophora and still 

 exclude species of other groups. This difficulty is not encountered 

 when we diagnose from the soft anatomy, which presents extremely 

 characteristic and readily recognized features. 



Dr. von Ihering, in his essay on Helix, refers this New World 

 series to Campylcea; but as the other groups studied by him belong 

 to the Belogona siphonadenia of my arrangement, he was not aware 

 of the value of the characters upon which the Belogona are split 

 into two great groups, and his knowledge of the American forms 

 was' wholly second-hand from figures, not dissections. I feel confi- 

 dent that if v. Ihering had actually dissected American and East 

 Asiatic types, he would have taken a different view, and one more 

 in accordance with the opinions of Semper and the writer. 



The members of this genus have hitherto been placed in Arionta, 

 Euparypha and Aglaia by American authors. Semper, as long ago 

 as 1880 (Reisen im Archip. Phil. (2) iii, Landmoll., p. 245), emphat 



