196 EPIPHRAGMOPHORA. 



ically stated his belief that the American should be separated from 

 the European "Arioutas;" and my own studies have converted me 

 to the same opinion, although before my dissections were begun, I 

 had thought otherwise. It is sufficient to say here that in the 

 American, as in the East Asiatic types of belogonous Helices, the 

 mucus glands are globular or flat bodies of glandular texture, in- 

 serted upon the dart sack or at its base; in the European forma 

 these glands are always tubes of equal diameter throughout their 

 length, and inserted upon the vagina above the dart sack. If my 

 division of the belogonous Helices upon this character be correct, 

 Helix, Helicigona (- Campy lcea-\-Arionta vera), Fruticicola, Xerophila 

 etc., are all more nearly allied to each other than any European 

 Helices are to the American Ariontas, so-called. 



The American types are closely allied to the large Helices of 

 Japan and China in anatomical features. The resemblance in shell 

 characters of the Californian and European species is astonishing, 

 but I do not doubt that it is due to purely secondary modification, 

 which has moulded the shells to a deceptive likeness, but left un- 

 changed the genitalia to tell more faithfully the story of their 

 lineage. 



Synopsis of Sections of Epiphragmophora. 



Although not nearly so homogeneous a group as Cepolis, Helix 

 or Helicigona in anatomy, this genus exhibits but little modification 

 in shell characters. The sections here admitted, although natural 

 groups, have but little systematic rank. Averellia, and Trichodiscina 

 are not sufficiently known anatomically for us to be certain that 

 they belong here, but the probabilities are strong that they do. 



* South American forms. 



Section EPIPHRAGMOPHORA Doring. Shell umbilicate, brown, 

 calcareous, with one supraperipheral band, peristome expanded, 

 nearly circular. Epiphragm solid, calcareous; jaw four ribbed; 

 dart sack lengthened, with two globose, stalked mucus glands; sper- 

 matheca short-stalked. TyP e H- hieronymi, pi. 59, fig. 77 ; (see also 

 E. cuyana, pi. 58, figs. 68, 69.) 



Section PILSBRYA Ancey. Shell imperforate or umbilicate, 

 malleated, similar to that of Helminthoglypta. Epiphragm mem- 

 braneous, jaw 4-5 ribbed (pi. 59, fig. 78, E. semiclausa); median 



