The Stiff-tailed Ducks. 383 



cross-barred with black. The mantle is 

 reddish brown, closely vermiculated with 

 blackish. The back, the scapulars, and 

 the long flank-feathers, which reach 

 nearly to the tip of the upper tail-coverts, 

 are closely vermiculated and speckled with 

 black and pale fulvous. The rump is 

 cross-barred with black and grey. The 

 upper tail-coverts are chestnut ; the tail 

 blackish brown. The upper wing-coverts 

 are brown, speckled with fulvous. The 

 primaries are pale drab-brown, rather 

 darker on the outer web and at the tip 

 than on the inner web. The outer second- 

 aries are of much the same colour as the 

 primaries, but the inner, long secondaries 

 are much darker brown. The outer 

 web of all the secondaries is mottled 

 with fulvous. The axillaries are pure 

 white ; the under wing-coverts are mixed 

 ashy and white. 



Younger males differ from the adult 

 males, above described, in having the 

 feathers of the crown brown, often tipped 

 with fulvous. The breast-feathers are 

 broadly tipped with very bright golden- 

 fulvous, without a trace of black bars. 

 The hindneck is dark brown, but the 

 other parts of the broad collar round the 

 neck are grey or fulvous, closely barred 



