B. THE PHARYNX, BY E. KLEIN. 523 



excretory ducts, especially of the anterior part, support laterally and 

 terminate at their extremities in hemispherical enlargements, or they 

 pursue a closely coiled course, and are then more deeply imbedded 

 between the muscles. As a general rule, they are only surrounded 

 by muscular tissue at their fundus. 



The glands are lined by columnar epithelium, the cells of which 

 become shorter in the deeper acini. A few of the cylindrical cells 

 near the orifice sometimes support cilia. 



At the posterior part of the dorsal surface, and especially on the 

 posterior processes of the tongue, the glands constitute longer o 

 shorter tubes, which are for the most part inflated or irregularly 

 prominent at their fundus. Here also their fundus is imbedded 

 amongst the muscles which run up from the deeper parts and accom- 

 pany the gland ducts for a variable distance towards the surface. The 

 cylindrical epithelium with which they are lined behaves in the same 

 manner as that of the glands of the anterior portion. 



Division of muscular fibres occurs, to a considerable extent, in the 

 frog, as well as in the newt, calf, bat, sheep, goat, and cat, and also 

 in man. In man, Rippmann* saw simple and individual muscular 

 fibres run out into two, three, or even four moderately long branches. 



According to Remak,f microscopic ganglia are situated on the 

 branches of the glosso-pharyngeus, and of the ramus lingualis. And 

 he believes the same relations to subsist between the glands and 

 ganglia of the tongue, as between the submaxillary gland and the 

 ganglion submaxillare. 



B. PHARYNX. 



With the pharynx the digestive tract begins to be indepen- 

 dent, and at its lower part assumes a tubular character, whilst, 

 at the same time, it is distinctly differentiated into mucous 

 membrane, muscular layers, and an external investing fibrous 

 membrane. 



* Th. Rippmann, Ueber das Vorkommen von Theilungen der Muskelfasern 

 in der Zunge der Wirbelthiere und des Menschen, " On the occurrence of 

 Division in the muscular fibres of Vertebrata and of Man; " Henle and 

 Pfeuffer's Zeitschrift, 3. Reihe, Band xiv., p. 200. 



t Ueber die Ganglien der Zunge bei Sailgethieren und Menschen , " On the 

 Ganglia of the Tongue in Mammals and in Man ; " Miiller's Archiv, 1852 ; 

 H-.ft 1, p. 58. 









