p. THE STOMACH, BY E. KLEIN. 551 



[In the DOG the tubular glands of the mucosa, like those of 

 man, commence as short involutions of the mucous membrane 

 lined throughout by a continuation of the columnar epithelium 

 of the surface. At the commencement of the cardia they are 

 divided and irregularly dilated at their extremity. About three 

 millimeters lower down they assume the form of simple tubes, 

 slightly dilated at their extremity. At the same time the 

 columnar cells are replaced at the bottom of the tube by 

 secreting cells, which gradually extend towards the opening j 

 the glands coincidently becoming considerably increased in 

 size. The ducts either open separately or several together. 



From the middle of the larger curvature the pepsine cells 

 are replaced again by columnar epithelium, in the same man- 

 ner as in man. 



The thickness of the mucous membrane also increases to- 

 wards the pylorus in the dog as in man. On the inner sur- 

 face of the longitudinal fasciculi of smooth muscular fibres pro- 

 ceeding from the oesophagus, and on the outer surface of the 

 muscularis mucosse at the cardia, where the tubular glands 

 begin to be lined with pepsine cells, a layer of circular muscu- 

 lar fibres is superadded, at first feebly developed, but soon 

 becoming thicker. The thickness of the muscularis mucosae 

 varies ; in the fundus it amounts to O'l O25 of a millimeter, 

 and is here distinctly separated into an internal circular and 

 an external longitudinal layer. In respect to their course 

 and decussation, its fasciculi exhibit the same relations as in 

 man. 



The quantity of muscular fibres penetrating into the mucous 

 layer between the glands is larger in the dog than in man. 



The mucous membrane of the stomach of the RABBIT dimi- 

 nishes in thickness from the cardia towards the fundus, and 

 from this point increases again towards the pylorus. The 

 gland tubes it contains are similar in form to those in the 

 stomach of the dog. In the fundus the individual tubes are 

 a little wider than in the dog, and open by twos or threes into 

 cylindrical fossae, lined with columnar epithelium, which 

 reach to one-fourth part of the thickness of the mucous 

 membrane. The nearer the pylorus, the farther does the 

 columnar epithelium extend down the tubes ; moreover, this, 



